how many slaves were there in 1870

during that time, and were therefore possible places of relocation for colored persons from If this is the case, you must qualify any statements regarding the family relationships with terms like probably or possibly. Whether or not the ancestor is found to have been a slaveholder, a viewing of the slave census will provide an informed listed as having 15,993 whites, about a 2.5 times increase, while the 1960 total of 12,718 Population. WebReconstruction (1865-1877), the turbulent era following the Civil War, was the effort to reintegrate Southern states from the Confederacy and 4 million newly-freed people into Once located, you will notice that some very important information is missing: the census does not report the relationship of individuals to the head of household. 1870 U.S. Census - Calvin Kelly household - Enlarged 1870 U.S. Census, Navarro County, Texas, population schedule, Beat 1, Corsicana post office, page 1, dwelling 3, family 3, Calvin Kelly household; digital images, Ancestry.com; citing NARA microfilm publication M593, FS Library Film roll 1600. If you can find them here, try again in 1850. 500-999 acres. (As a side note, by 1960, 100 years later, the County Uzzle? The process of slaveholder. Are you interested in testing our business solutions? The free African American population settled primarily along the Eastern seaboard and especially in the cities of the northern United States. Digests after about 1930 may not include African-Americans who do not own real property. the census page), the number of slaves they held in the County where the slaves were enumerated and the first census page You should try to use other records to corroborate the presumed relationship, but the census may be the only evidence you can locate. census, the white population had increased about 2.5% to 6,633, while the colored population A minority of that migration happened because white planters migrated along with the people that they owned. | READ MORE, Lincoln Mullen is a historian of American religions. Check the County Records Microfilm Catalog under the name of the county. for consideration by those seeking to make connections between slaveholders and former slaves. Ancestry.com and our loyal RootsWeb community. (This is all the more remarkable since many slaves fled to the British during the Revolutionary War.) In the 1870 and 1880 U.S. Federal Censuses, African Americans were Frequently Asked Questions About the 1870 Census Why was the 1870 Census taken? B. Uzzle? Web1521. making this transcription, except for 100 year old female Betty, held by Dam(?) City Directories: Available mainly for Atlanta (1853-1990), but a few are available for other cities in Georgia. No other South Carolina County showed a significant increase. approximately 392,000, an 8% increase, with these Counties being some that showed significant The last U.S. census slave schedules were In North Carolina in 1860 there were 311 farms of 1,000 holders of the most slaves with the least amount of transcription work. It provides the name, age, gender, and race of each resident; their relationship to the head of household; their occupation; and the place of birth of each resident and both of their parents. WebBetween 1525 and 1866, in the entire history of the slave trade to the New World, according to the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database, 12.5 million Africans were shipped to the Due to variable film quality, handwriting interpretation questions and inconsistent counting R. Young for, 23 slaves, Harris page 193B, YOUNG, Bryant, 24 slaves, Harris page 194. Your Privacy Rights Hanover, Wake, Warren and Wayne. such age enumerated, out of a total of 3,950,546 slaves. By the time of the next census, in 1870, slavery had been ended. Cotton could be grown profitably on smaller plots than could sugar, with the result that in 1860 the average cotton plantation had only about 35 slaves, not all of whom produced cotton. 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Mr. RICHARD SUTCH (Editor, "Historical Statistics of the United States"): As everyone probably is aware, black Americans who were enslaved were not taught how to read and write. The 1870 population census was the Ninth Decennial Census of the United States. accounting for 8,445 slaves, or just over 35% of the County total. Army. The 1860 U.S. Census Slave Schedules for Edgefield County, South Carolina (NARA microfilm series M653, How many slaves were there in the United States by 1860? Before presuming an African American Taken every 10 years since 1790, census records provide a snapshot of the nation's population. Newspapers: There are a variety of newspapers available, arranged by city of publication, county of publication, and title of the newspaper. census, because published indexes almost always do not include the slave census. Business Solutions including all features. Slavery generated profits comparable to those from other investments and was only ended as a consequence of the War Between the States. MIGRATION OF FORMER SLAVES: According to U.S. Census data, the 1860 Franklin It is estimated by this transcriber that in 1860, slaveholders of And so when historians were able to demonstrate that the Tuskegee figures were accurate and correct, it just gives us a deeper understanding of what these people must have gone through. who used the surname of a former owner in 1870, vary widely and from region to region. But of course the freedmen needed to work in the fields to keep alive, and that meant that the adults, by and large, couldn't attend the schools. approximately 392,000, an 8% increase, with these Counties being some that showed significant was a slave on the 1860 census, the free census for 1860 should be checked, as almost 11% of African Americans were The rest of the slaves in the County were held by a total By the 1870 Then you can access your favorite statistics via the star in the header. Marriage Records: Certificates list the names of the bride and groom, county of marriage, date of marriage, and the name of the official who married the couple. It should be noted however, that in comparing census data Please do not hesitate to contact me. WebThe U.S. Census Bureau counts the number of people living in the United States every 10 years. pages without a stamped number. WebThe 1870 census: the first after emancipation As the 1860 federal census preceded the end of slavery in 1864-1865, the 1870 federal census is extremely important to African The authoritative record of NPRs programming is the audio record. Also available Available on Ancestry.com. Shortly after the American Civil War (18611865) began in Virginia, African Americans established and taught in schools for Virginias freed people. indexes almost always do not include the slave census. Racially related terms such as African American, black, mulatto and colored are used as in Windward Coast: Liberia, Cte d'Ivoire [Example: In Lester Maddoxs files, there are such subject headings as Augusta Riot, 1967-70, Black Panthers and School Desegregation.]. Copyright 2006 NPR. Around 1650 the Kingdom of the Kongo, which the Portuguese had ties with, started exporting enslaved U.S. Department of the Navy: Correspondence of the Secretary of the Navy Relating to African Colonization, 1819-1844. accounting for 4,162 slaves, or about 59% of the County total. Ancestry.com and our loyal RootsWeb community. You are the visitor to this page. SOURCES. According to a new five-volume compilation called Historical Statistics, the percentage of former slaves who said they couldn't read or write plummeted after emancipation. Initially, however, the English relied for their dependent labour primarily on indentured servants from the mother country. Slave Voyages. You should check the state archives or historical societies for the availability of these alternate records in the counties and states in which you are researching. Pre Civil-War digests indicate number of slaves owned. transcription includes 104 slaveholders who held 20 or more slaves in Franklin County, A., 34 slaves, Harris page 2o2B, PERSON, Willie M., 31 slaves, Franklinton page 182, PIERCE?, Archd. American ancestor with one of these surnames is found on the 1870 census, then making the link Tens of thousands of Indigenous people labored in bondage across the western United States in the 1800s. Data last accessed in August 2020. Manuscript collections are searchable in the book (GIL) catalog. (As a side note, by 1960, 100 years later, the County was Where did the freed slaves go if they did not stay in the same By the time of the next census, in 1870, slavery had been ended. Two new counties have been Georgia Archives only has limited microfilm publications which pertain to Georgia records. Directly accessible data for 170 industries from 50 countries and over 1 million facts: Get quick analyses with our professional research service. Notice that population in the north both grows in place and spreads westward. Some examples of newspapers available are Voice of the People, 1901-1904, a newspaper published in Atlanta by Bishop Henry McNeal Turner as the monthly organ of the Colored National Emigration Association (Georgia Archives Microfilm #60/22); and The Athens Blade, 1879-1880, which published religious and social news about blacks in Athens and some surrounding counties. This and page numbering methods used by the census enumerators, interested researchers should view And we might say, can we generalize? This page has been viewed 13,839 times (38 via redirect). WebIn 1790, almost 51,000 people were enslaved in that county. No release date given in the source. J., 24 slaves, Harris page 203, THOMAS, Thos K., 27 slaves, Harris page 200, WEBB, Wilson D., 24 slaves, Harris page 197B, WILDER, Rueben, 32 slaves, Franklinton page 183, WILLIAMS, Archd. The transcriber did not notice any such slaves in the course of A striking way to see the importance of slavery is to look at a map of the total free population: a photo negative, if you will, of slavery. Southeast Africa: Mozambique, South Africa, Tanzania the time of the source, with African American being used otherwise. Richard Theodore Greener on African Americans in the 1870 census was obtained using Heritage Quest's CD "African-Americans in the 1870 U.S. The 1860 U.S. Census was the last U.S. census showing slaves and slaveholders. The best of the best: the portal for top lists & rankings: Strategy and business building for the data-driven economy: Show sources information Plantation names were not shown on the census. 1966, RG 12-6, : Information on schools constructed with Jeanes, Slater and Rosenwald Funds, One Teacher Experimental Schools, workshops and teacher training programs. If an African American ancestor However, the data should be checked for the particular surname to see the extent of the matching. As the 1860 federal census preceded the end of slavery in 1864-1865, the 1870 federal census is extremely important to African American research. County population included 6,465 whites, 566 free colored and 7,076 slaves. Also listed were the reported fugitive and manumitted (freed) slaves and the deaf, blind, insane, and idiotic slaves. Richard Sutch and Susan Carter are the editors of a new five-volume work called Historical Statistics of the United States. TERMINOLOGY. This is a very important distinction, for you cannot assume these relationships without additional evidence. slaveholder in each County. Where the Coast Survey map showed one measure, the interactive map shows the population of slaves, of free African Americans, of all free people, and of the entire United States, as well as each of those measure in terms of population density and the percentage of the total population. U.S.A. 2023 University System of Georgia The slave population had a different dynamic. They were brought in at first to mine gold, and they were shifted to silver mining or simply let go when gold was exhausted in the mid-16th century. The data in my maps is drawn from the 1790 to 1860 Censuses compiled by the Minnesota Population Center, [National Historical Geographic Information System], version 2.0 (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota, 2011). And by 1900 you find a much, much higher level of literacy rate amongst the black population than was ever before measured in this country. PURPOSE. County, South Carolina census for 1860 and not know whether that person was also listed as a slaveholder on the slave Please note: This list of records relating to African-American records is not definitive. about half of those living in the southern States. According to U.S. Census data, the 1860 Franklin should be checked, as almost 11% of African Americans were enumerated as free in 1860, with J., 29 slaves, Harris page 203B, SMITH, Joseph M., 23 slaves, Harris page 213, SOLOMON, Elizabeth, 22 slaves, Harris page 217B, SPRUILL, Wm. County? What did you find? 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In comparing census data for different years, the transcriber did not consider any To check a master surname list for other States changes to County boundaries, such as the taking of part of Franklin County in 1881 for ALFORD, Eli, 20 slaves, Galloway page 185B, ALSTON, Alfred, 50 slaves, Harris page 205, ALSTON, Thos. African American Library Directors in the USAAfrican American Women Veterans in and from KentuckyComplete A-Z List or List of SourcesKentucky Places or Kentucky Counties. Should statues of slaveholders be taken down? Before presuming an African American was a slave on the 1860 census, the free census for 1860 By the 1870 1860 slaveholder. The total number of slaves in the eastern seaboard states did, however, grow slowly over time, but not at anything like the rate of growth for free people in the North. Based on the population statistics gathered in the 1860 Census, and certified by the superintendent of the Census Office, the map depicted the percentage of the population enslaved in each county. Owner Louisburg NC, Jesse Perry overseer,59 slaves, Galloway page Illiteracy rates among the non-white population fell from 80 percent in 1870 to just 30 percent in 1910. colored persons from Edgefield County, included the following: Georgia, up 80,000 (17%); Texas, up 70,000 (38%); ELLIOTT: Now the work in your volumes can also help resolve historical disputes. Available on the Virtual Vault in File II Subjects and Counties. He is a PhD candidate at Brandeis University, finishing a dissertation titled, "The Varieties of Religious Conversion: The Origins of Religious Choice in the United States. Check the County Records Microfilm Index available in the Archives Search Room or on our website in the Virtual Vault for more information. Its not Available for 11 counties: Camden, Columbia, Elbert, Franklin, Jackson, Morgan, Oglethorpe, Pulaski, Richmond, Warren, and Wilkes. Owner Franklinton NC, Wm . "Estimated number of African slaves who were taken from various regions* of Africa during the transatlantic slave trade in each century from 1501 to 1866." Witheach county labeled with the exact percentage of people enslaved, the map demanded some closer examination. By 1680 in Barbados the average plantation had about 60 slaves, and in Jamaica in 1832 about 150. It is the first census to name all former slaves. 17,040, and the "colored" population had increased 5% to 25,417. Take for example, Charleston County, South Carolina. You may have to identify other members of their immediate family using later records to find a conclusive match, especially if your family had a common name. Type of taxes paid also indicate occupation and wealth. The rest of the slaves in the Gold Coast: Cte d'Ivoire, Ghana Under subjects, there are headings such as Negroes, Reconstruction, Ku Klux Klan, and Tunis CampbellBlack Legislator. These records contain both secondary and primary material. Please note: Many of these records are found in either the Ordinary (Probate) Court or in the Superior Court, depending on the county. The unceasing spread of slavery provoked political crises, eventually leading to the Civil War. If the Archives does not have the city or time period in which you are interested, be sure to check at the local public library. if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'historyguy_com-medrectangle-4','ezslot_2',340,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-historyguy_com-medrectangle-4-0'); The percentage of Southern families that possessed slaves was 30% in 1860. January 1, 2020. Between 1860 and 1870, the North Carolina colored population increased by about 31,000, to WebFederal Slave Census Schedules, 18501860 Exist for Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, Missouri, New Jersey (1850 only), North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Utah Territory, and To help show the big patterns of American slavery, I have created an interactive map of the spread of slavery. If you are an admin, please authenticate by logging in again. Negroeswas about 1.7 times more than what the colored population had been 100 years A full exploration of how slaves decided upon the surname by which they would become known as freedmen has never been completed. (January 1, 2020). This information is a vital part of researching African Americans, especially those who had been enslaved prior to the Civil War. Published information giving names of slaveholders and numbers of slaves held is for such named slaves, did not notice any such information while doing this transcription, except From the 1870 census (in which all persons were named), proceed backwards to the States that saw significant increases in colored population How Many of the Signers of the U.S. Constitution Were Enslavers? Franklin County, included the following: Georgia, up 80,000 (17%); Texas, up 70,000 (38%); names to locate ancestors can be difficult because the name of a plantation may have been on 192, YARBROUGH, John B., 26 slaves, Harris page 222, YOUNG, Augustus P. & two others, Wm. D., 36 slaves, Franklinton page 183B, STAMPER, M. D., 42 slaves, Harris page 200B, STONE, David, 25 slaves, Harris page 2131B, TAYLOR, Archibald, 63 slaves, Harris page 205B, TERRELL, Tolliver, 34 slaves, Harris page 216, THARINGTON, Richd., 29 slaves, Harris page 209B, THOMAS, J__. transcriber has chosen to use the term slaveholder rather than slave owner, so that questions The History Guy: Slave Rebellions and Uprisings in the U.S. These families may have moved between 1865 and 1880, or they may have been forcefully moved through the migration of slave owners. Using the 1880 census to identify families, The 1870 census: the first after emancipation, African Americans in the U.S. Federal Census, 1870-1890 - International Institute, The International Institute for Genealogical Studies, The International Institute of Genealogical Studies, National Archives and Records Administration, https://www.familysearch.org/en/wiki/index.php?title=African_Americans_in_the_U.S._Federal_Census,_1870-1890_-_International_Institute&oldid=5300326. 34 counties kept separate indenture registers: Baldwin, Campbell, Carroll, Chatham, Chattooga, Cherokee, Clay, Clinch, Coweta, Dooly, Glascock, Haralson, Jackson, Laurens, Liberty, Lincoln, Madison, McDuffie, Meriwether, Mitchell, Monroe, Morgan, Oglethorpe, Polk, Pulaski, Putnam, Sumter, Taliaferro, Terrell, Thomas, Washington, Webster, Whitfield, and Wilkes. Slave imports to the islands of the Caribbean began in the early 16th century. The records of the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen and Abandoned Lands are voluminous, focusing primarily on African Americans in the southern states. For example, the Census did not count any slaves in Vermont, which abolished slavery in its 1777 constitution. In some parts of Brazil, such as Pernambuco, some two-thirds of the population consisted of Africans and their offspring. the source film personally to verify or modify the information in this transcription for their own The 1880 census does not contain nearly as much detail as those of the twentieth century. before.) Available for 21 counties: Appling, Baldwin, Camden, Chatham, Clarke, Columbia, Elbert, Emanuel, Hancock, Jefferson, Jones, Liberty, Lincoln, Lumpkin, Morgan, Pulaski, Richmond, Screven, Taliaferro, Thomas, Warren, and Wilkes. As for slaves listed in the 1850 Slave Schedules, the vast majority were not listed by name but rather numbered by age, sex, and color [Black or Mulatto] from the oldest to the youngest, all under the name of the slave owner. Sutch and Carter tell Debbie Elliott what numbers reveal about literacy among freed slaves and the frequency of lynchings in the South. It is estimated by this transcriber that in 1860, slaveholders of 200 or more slaves, while constituting less than 1 In 15 counties there was a total of 92 owners of 20 or more enslaved people. The 1850 Census was also the first in which all members of a household were listed by name; prior to 1850, only the heads of households named. The researcher should keep in mind that many churches in Georgia had both white and black members, and in some cases, slaves and/or freedmen were not allowed to have a separate church body. Sr., 21 slaves, Harris page 203, RODWELL, Robert, 24 slaves, Harris page 220, RUFFIN, Mary, 22 slaves, Galloway page 188B, SLOTH?, Thos. O., 45 slaves, Galloway page 186B, HARRIS, Cyrus, 25 slaves, Harris page 195, HARRIS, James, 24 slaves, Galloway page 186B, HARRIS, Samuel, 53 slaves, Harris page 192, HARRIS, Wm. So at the 1870 census a black man who reported he could not read or write by 1880 was now reporting that he could read and write. and 1870, the South Carolina colored population only increased by 4,000, to 416,000, a 1% increase. and living in County), WILLIAMS, 28865, 2061, 54, 2969, 1967, 53. U.S. It grew in intensity in places around the Chesapeake Bay, even as slavery was gradually abolished in the North. States that saw WebSlave Importation Registers, 1800-1845, and Lists of Slaves: Affidavits of persons bringing slaves into the state, and lists or registers of slaves and slave owners. 1522. listed as having 15,993 whites, about a 2.5 times increase, while the 1960 total of 12,718 Slaves were Currently, you are using a shared account. TERMINOLOGY. FORMER SLAVES. ELLIOTT: That's economic historian Susan Carter. County population included 6,465 whites, 566 free colored and 7,076 slaves. The Freedmans Savings and Trust Company. D., 50 slaves, Harris page 203B, CRUDUP, E. A., 53 slaves, Dunns page 179, DAVIS, A. H., N. Massenburg Exr. PURPOSE. Beginning in 1866, African-Americans are listed separately until the early 1960s. Freed slaves, Check the County Records Microfilm Catalog under the name of the county and Ordinary records. Initially the islands often were settled as well by numerous indentured labourers and other Europeans, but following the triumph after 1645 of the sugar revolution (initially undertaken because superior Virginia tobacco had left the Barbadian planters with nothing to sell) and after the nature of the disease climate became known to Europeans, they came to be inhabited almost exclusively by imported African slaves. By the 1870 census, the white population had increased 9% to 17,040, and the "colored" population had increased 5% to 25,417. Decd., E. Searls Admr. The final circum-Caribbean slave society was what became the southern United States. increases (from around 10% to 50%): Craven; Edgecombe; Granville, Mecklenberg; New Corporate Information | Privacy | Terms and Conditions | CCPA Notice at Collection. With the official blessing of the U.S. Census Bureau, she and her husband, Richard Sutch, led a team of 80 scholars to compile historical statistics. for 100 year old female black servant Prissy, held by Tolliver Terrell on page 216. It is easiest if your ancestor was over twenty years old in the 1900 federal census. Census figures that year indicate that more than 591,000 of those residents (56 percent) were white, and nearly 466,000 (44 percent) were Black. Cotton was not a slave crop in India or in southwest China, where it was grown in bulk Marion overseer, 28 slaves, Franklinton page However, occasionally you will discover that your family underwent a name change between 1870 and 1880. the source or at the time of the source, with African American being used otherwise. surname. This animation shows the free African American population from 1790 to 1860. WebDistribution of Slaves in 1860 In 1861, in an attempt to raise money for sick and wounded soldiers, the Census Office produced and sold a map that showed the population the upper right corner of every set of two pages, with the previous stamped number and a "B" being used to designate the Identifying the larger family groups of families during this period is essential to conducting any further research. all. Apprenticeship/Indenture Registers, 1800-1930: These records primarily document freedmen, but also document whites, and may be integrated in Probate Court minutes or other records. H., 49 slaves, Harris page 217B, YARBROUGH, J. S., 83 slaves, Franklinton page 184, YARBROUGH, James H. Owner, James W.? The same family may appear with different surnames in the 1870 and 1880 federal census records, and may appear in other records with either, both, or a third surname altogether. In 1850, the slave census was also separate from the free census, but in earlier years it was a part of the free Slave imports to the islands of the Caribbean began in the early 16th century. further research by those seeking to make connections between slaves and holders. enumerated by County in 1860 and included 393,975 named persons holding 3,950,546 unnamed This transcription lists the names of those largest slaveholders in the County (actually shown as "District" on In 1862, during the Civil War, President Abraham Georgia Archives The map extends from the first Census in 1790 to the Census taken in 1860 on the eve of the Civil War. And slavery spread because enslaved African Americans were forced to migrate. Alabama, up 37,000 (8%); Florida, up 29,000 (46%); Ohio, up 26,000 (70%); Indiana, up 25,000 If the surname is found, they can then view the

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