[145][146] NATO leadership and the United States have said they were confident Turkey would not hold up the two countries' accession process. The next member states to join NATO were Montenegro on 5 June 2017, and North Macedonia on 27 March 2020. On 21 November 2011, Russian President Dmitry Medvedev while addressing soldiers in Vladikavkaz near the Georgian border stated that Russia's 2008 invasion had prevented any further NATO enlargement into the former Soviet sphere. Yugoslavia's communist government sided with the Eastern Bloc at the beginning of the Cold War, but pursued a policy of neutrality following the TitoStalin split in 1948. Kauranen A., Gray A. German reunification (German: Deutsche Wiedervereinigung) was the process of re-establishing Germany as a single full sovereign state, which took place between 2 May 1989 and 15 March 1991.The day of 3 October 1990 when the "Unification Treaty" between the two countries of "Germany as a whole" entered into force dissolving the German Democratic Republic (GDR; German: Deutsche Demokratische . [80] The Sobranie also ratified the treaty unanimously on 11 February 2020,[81] before North Macedonia became a NATO member state on 27 March 2020. [216], On 8 October 2020, during a meeting with Prime Minister Boris Johnson in London, President Volodymyr Zelenskyy stated that Ukraine needs a NATO Membership Action Plan (MAP), as NATO membership will contribute to Ukraine's security and defense. ", Spohr, Kristina. [172] Of their coalition partners, the Green Party remain opposed,[173] while the Left Party would like to hold a referendum on the subject, something Prime Minister Magdalena Andersson has rejected. While 84% of those who identified as Bosniak or Croat supported NATO membership, only 9% of those who identified as Serb did. [46] Russian military actions, including the First Chechen War, were among the factors driving Central and Eastern European countries, particularly those with memories of similar Soviet offensives, to push for NATO application and ensure their long-term security. [183], A nonbinding referendum in 2008 resulted in 77 percent of voters supporting NATO accession. [88] On 17 May, the Parliament of Finland voted 1888 in favor of joining NATO,[89] and a formal application was submitted for NATO membership on 18 May 2022. [283] After the overthrow of President Slobodan Miloevi Serbia wanted to improve its relations with NATO, though membership in the military alliance remained highly controversial among political parties and society. [249][250] While Taoiseach Michel Martin said in 2022 that Ireland would not need to hold a referendum in order to join NATO, Irish constitutional lawyers have pointed to the precedent set by the 1987 case Crotty v. An Taoiseach as suggesting it would be necessary, and that any attempt to join NATO without a referendum would likely be legally challenged in the country's courts in a similar way. [63] Croatia's prospect of membership sparked a national debate on whether a referendum on NATO membership needed to be held before joining the organization. What is the EU, and how is it set up? [133], The Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina within Bosnia and Herzegovina has expressed willingness to join NATO, however, it faces consistent political pressure from Republika Srpska, the other political entity in the country, alongside its partners in Russia. At the 2008 Bucharest summit, Greece blocked a proposed invitation because it believed that its neighbor's constitutional name implies territorial aspirations toward its own region of Greek Macedonia. [203], Following months of Euromaidan street protests that began because of his refusal to sign an Association Agreement with the European Union in favor of deals from Russia, President Yanukovych fled Kyiv in February 2014, ultimately to Russia, and parliament voted to remove him from his post. [251] Currently no major political party in Ireland fully supports accession to NATO, a reflection on public and media opinion in the country. The Iron Curtain had well and truly descended, drawing a harsh and well-armed line between Western and . Prior to gaining its independence in 1960, Cyprus was a crown colony of the United Kingdom and as such the UK's NATO membership also applied to British Cyprus. at the Alliance's Madrid Summit in 1997 and on 12 March 1999 they became the first former members of the Warsaw Pact to join . Russia's invasion of Ukraine prompted Finland and Sweden to apply for NATO membership in May 2022. [95], Article 10 poses two general limits to non-member states. LVIII of 1974 Constitution of Malta (Amendment) (No. Note that this is not considered by NATO to be an IPAP. Austria, Ireland, Switzerland and Malta have maintained their Cold War era neutrality. [36][37][26] Gorbachev later stated that NATO expansion was "not discussed at all" in 1990, but, like Yeltsin, described the expansion of NATO past East Germany as "a violation of the spirit of the statements and assurances made to us in 1990. [152] A modified version now qualifies non-alignment in peace for possible neutrality in war. [215] On 20 September 2018, the Ukrainian parliament approved amendments to the constitution that would make the accession of the country to NATO and the EU a central goal and the main foreign policy objective. Greece and . [90] On 1 March 2023, the Parliament of Finland approved Finland's accession to NATO by a vote of 184 in favor and 7 opposed. [75] Macedonia sued Greece at the International Court of Justice (ICJ) over their veto of Macedonia's NATO membership. As East Germany collapsed into disorganization, it became increasingly clear that the only way to stabilize the state was for West Germany to absorb the former communist territory. A serious issue confronting NATO in the early and mid-1950s was the negotiation of West Germany's participation in the alliance. [276] Following the 2014 annexation of Crimea by Russia, NATO officials warned that Russia might seek to annex Transnistria, a breakaway Moldovan region. The Declaration prohibits Austria from joining a military alliance, from hosting foreign military bases within its borders, and from participating in a war. Poland held multiparty elections in June 1989 that ousted the Soviet allied Polish Workers' Party and the peaceful opening of the Berlin Wall that November symbolized the end of the Warsaw Pact as a way of enforcing Soviet control. ", The West's Response to Perestroika and Post-Soviet Russia, "Russia's belief in Nato 'betrayal' and why it matters today", "Mikhail Gorbachev: I am against all walls", "Memorandum of conversation between Baker, Shevardnadze and Gorbachev", "The Myth of a No-NATO-Enlargement Pledge to Russia", "Did NATO Promise Not to Enlarge? States acceding to NATO replace Partnership for Peace membership with formal entry into the Alliance. [187], In September 2019, Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov said that "NATO approaching our borders is a threat to Russia. In May 2003, it joined with Albania and Macedonia to form the Adriatic Charter to support each other in their pursuit of membership. West German rearmament (German: Wiederbewaffnung) began in the decades after the World War II.Fears of another rise of German militarism caused the new military to operate within an alliance framework, under NATO command. [58], Russia was particularly upset with the addition of the three Baltic states, the first countries that were part of the Soviet Union to join NATO. [41] There was further debate during the Presidency of Bill Clinton between a rapid offer of full membership to several select countries versus a slower, more limited membership to a wide range of states over a longer time span. West Germany's accession to NATO marked a turning point in the Cold War. [clarification needed] This position was maintained without much discussion during the Cold War. Since the 1990s, however, there has been an active debate in Sweden on the question of NATO membership in the postCold War era. [131] According to Politico, NATO members are reluctant to discuss Ukraine's entry into the alliance because they are aware of the Russian Federation's "hypersensitivity" to NATO expansion.[220]. [57] Slovenia had held a referendum on NATO the previous year, with 66% approving of membership. This alignment provided the framework for the military standoff that continued throughout the Cold War (1945-91). The Soviet Union was the primary ideological adversary for NATO during the Cold War. [74], North Macedonia joined the Partnership for Peace in 1995, and commenced its Membership Action Plan in 1999, at the same time as Albania. When Soviet leaders found it necessary to use military force to put down revolts in Hungary in 1956 and in Czechoslovakia in 1968, for example, they presented the action as being carried out by the Warsaw Pact rather than by the USSR alone. [12] In 1974, Greece suspended its NATO membership over the Turkish invasion of Cyprus, but rejoined in 1980 with Turkey's cooperation. The naming dispute was resolved with the Prespa Agreement in June 2018 under which the country adopted the name North Macedonia, which was supported by a referendum in September 2018. And nations that were once under the Soviet boot now sought to join NATO. The treaty they signed in 1990 extended NATO into East Germany, which had been zoned to the Soviet Union. [289] In April 2011 Serbia's request for an IPAP was approved by NATO,[290] and Serbia submitted a draft IPAP in May 2013. It was last extended in early 2021 for five years, meaning the two . There have been and are a number of active separatist movements within member states. As such, the Crown Colony of Malta shared the UK's international memberships, including NATO. East Germany was bleeding people throughout the 1950s as there was no hard border in the occupied city of Berlin. [20], Negotiations to reunite East and West Germany took place throughout 1990, resulting in the signing of the Two Plus Four Treaty in September 1990 and East Germany officially joining the Federal Republic of Germany on 3 October 1990. The three Visegrad countries were duly invited to join Nato at the 1997 Madrid Summit, joining in 1999. Little more than one week later, on 14 May 1955, the Soviet Union formed the Warsaw Pact, which included the German Democratic Republic (also known as East Germany). [22][23] There is no mention of NATO expansion into any other country in the SeptemberOctober 1990 agreements on German reunification. [166][167] A Novus poll conducted in late February 2022 found 41% in favor of NATO membership and 35% opposed. [232] According to a survey in May 2022 by the Austria Press Agency, only 14% of Austrians surveyed supported joining NATO, while 75% were opposed.[233]. But Gorbachev did say in the interview that what has unfolded since 1990 with more countries deciding to join NATO was "a violation of . [226] In 2009, Russian envoy Dmitry Rogozin did not rule out joining NATO at some point, but stated that Russia was currently more interested in leading a coalition as a great power. Over the course of the 1990s and early 2000s, NATO expanded three times: first to add the Czech Republic, Hungary and Poland; then seven more countries even farther east, including the former . [49] Hungary's interest in joining was confirmed by a November 1997 referendum that returned 85.3% in favor of membership. [2] The ratification process for Sweden and Finland began on 5 July 2022. Following the end of the Franco regime, newly-democratic Spain chose to join NATO in 1982. [262], When the North Atlantic Treaty was signed in 1949, the Mediterranean island of Malta was a dependent territory of the United Kingdom, one of the treaty's original signatories. It was believed that some NATO members, including the United Kingdom, were opposed to Maltese NATO membership. [56] In May 2000, these countries joined with Croatia to form the Vilnius Group in order to cooperate and lobby for common NATO membership, and by the 2002 Prague summit seven were invited for membership, which took place at the 2004 Istanbul summit. There have been several debates about whether . [52] Romania and Slovenia were both considered for invitation in 1997, and each had the backing of a prominent NATO member, France and Italy respectively, but support for this enlargement was not unanimous between members, nor within individual governments, including in the US Congress. Unhappy with its role in the organization, France opted to withdraw from military participation in NATO in 1966 and did not return until 1995. [105] The final accession process, once invited, involves five steps leading up to the signing of the accession protocols and the acceptance and ratification of those protocols by the governments of the current NATO members. [200][201] Then, on 3 June 2010 the Ukrainian parliament voted to exclude the goal of "integration into Euro-Atlantic security and NATO membership" from the country's national security strategy in a bill drafted by Yanukovych himself. The Soviet Union and its affiliated Communist nations in Eastern Europe founded a rival alliance, the Warsaw Pact, in 1955. Membership Action Plan and Individual Partnership Action Plan countries are also Partnership for Peace members. [221] The defence ministry of Switzerland, which has a long-standing policy of neutrality, initiated a report in May 2022 analyzing various military options, including increased cooperation and joint military exercises with NATO. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. [197] At this summit, Russian President Vladimir Putin, in his last international speech before switching jobs with Medvedev, listed his grievances with NATO, and called Ukrainian membership "a direct threat" to his country. The new democracies of Central and Eastern Europe were eager to guarantee their freedom by becoming integrated into Euro-Atlantic institutions. [2][3] Ukraine applied for NATO membership in September 2022 after Russia claimed to annex part of its territory. [59][57] Russian troops had been stationed in Baltic states as late as 1995,[60] but the goals of European integration and NATO membership were very attractive for the Baltic states. [55], At the 1999 Washington summit NATO issued new guidelines for membership with individualized "Membership Action Plans" for Albania, Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, North Macedonia, Romania, Slovakia, and Slovenia in order to standardize the process for new members. Mintoff supported neutrality as his foreign policy,[269] and the position was later enshrined into the country's constitution in 1974 as an amendment to Article 1. NATO would defend these countries if they were threatened or attacked. Lithuania, Romania, Slovakia and Slovenia are expected to join in 2004. The country's current constitution was adopted in 1994, and forbids the country from joining a military alliance, but some politicians, such as former Moldovan Minister of Defence Vitalie Marinua, have suggested joining NATO as part of a larger European integration. Internal NATO reaction to these former Warsaw Pact countries was initially negative, but by the 1991 Rome summit in November, members agreed to a series of goals that could lead to accession, such as market and democratic liberalization, and that NATO should be a partner in these efforts. For example, about four-in-ten Democrats say NATO's influence in the world has been getting stronger in recent years (39%), compared with about three-in-ten Republicans (29%). When Soviet military commanders ceded control of Warsaw Pact forces in 1991, it was disbanded. Several weeks after the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, former US Ambassador to NATO Ivo Daalder called for Ukraine to be offered membership, in a piece published in The Atlantic. ", "Defence Questions: Irish cooperation with NATO in Ukraine", "Door is open for Ireland to join Nato, says military alliance's chief", "David McCullagh blogs on Ireland's defence policy", "Ireland should change position on military neutrality, says academic", "Martina Anderson calls for Irish neutrality referendum amid fears over European militarisation", "Thirty-Eighth Amendment of the Constitution (Neutrality) Bill 2018", "Explainer: Would Ireland be required to have a referendum before joining Nato? [276] The second largest alliance in the parliament of Moldova, the Electoral Bloc of Communists and Socialists, strongly opposes NATO membership. [91] Most countries approved Finland's application throughout 2022, but Hungary and Turkey held out over disputes until early 2023, with the Hungarian parliament approving the application on 27 March, and the Turkish parliament approved the application on 31 March 2023. [308] Because of its close ties to Europe, Cape Verde has been suggested as a future member and the government of Cape Verde suggested an interest in joining as recently as 2019. The prospect of a rearmed Germany was understandably greeted with widespread unease and hesitancy in western Europe, but the country's strength had long been recognized as necessary to protect . In 2022, NATO signed protocols with Finland and Sweden on their accession following the Russian invasion of Ukraine. The formation of the Warsaw Pact was in some ways a response to the creation of NATO, although it did not occur until six years after the Western alliance came into being. The Christian Democrats likewise voted to support NATO membership at their October 2015 party meeting. "NATO Enlargement and the Problem of Value Complexity. Like NATO, the Warsaw Pact focused on the objective of creating a coordinated defense among its member nations in order to deter an enemy attack. As such, opposition to Soviet-style communism became a defining characteristic of the organization and the anti-communist governments of Greece, which had just fought a civil war against a pro-communist army, and Turkey, whose newly-elected Democrat Party were staunchly pro-American, came under internal and external pressure to join the alliance, which both did in February 1952. After discussing the issue with West German Chancellor Helmut Kohl on February 24-25, the U.S. gave the former East Germany "special military status," limiting what NATO forces could be . [259] Kosovo's lack of recognition by four NATO member statesGreece, Romania, Spain, and Slovakiacould impede its accession. [164] Events like the annexation of Crimea and reports of Russian submarine activity in 2014, as well as a 2013 report that Sweden could hold out for only a week if attacked, were credited with that rise in support. NATO invited North Macedonia to begin membership talks on 11 July 2018;[77] formal accession talks began on 18 October 2018. We strive for accuracy and fairness. The 1974 Turkish invasion of Cyprus and ongoing dispute, in which Turkey continues to occupy Northern Cyprus, complicates Cyprus' relations with NATO. Olivier was concerned that the presence of the NATO headquarters in Malta, without the security guarantees that NATO membership entailed, made the country a potential target. [275], The current Prime Minister of Moldova, Dorin Recean, supports European Union membership, but not NATO membership. 2023, A&E Television Networks, LLC. This was the result of several years of deliberations among western leaders and Germany, whose population opposed any form of rearmament. NATO is a military alliance of thirty-one European and North American countries that constitutes a system of collective defense. The Soviets warned that such a provocative action would force them to make new security arrangements in their own sphere of influence, and they were true to their word. A Case Study of the Fifteenth Anniversary", "Serbia's Military Neutrality: Origins, effects and challenges", "Serbia and NATO, are we at a turning point? Negotiations to reunite East and West Germany took place throughout 1990, resulting in the signing of the Two Plus Four Treaty in September 1990 and East Germany officially joining the Federal Republic of Germany on 3 October 1990. [196] Russian leaders like Prime Minister and President-Elect Dmitry Medvedev made clear their opposition to Ukraine membership, and leading up to the April 2008 Bucharest summit their emissary actively lobbied against a Ukrainian MAP. [217] In April 2021, following a Russian troop buildup near the Ukraine border, Zelenskyy repeated this request in a call with NATO Secretary-General Jens Stoltenberg, saying that "NATO is the only way to end the war in Donbas" and that entry into the MAP "will be a real signal for Russia."[218]. Countries wishing to join must meet certain requirements and complete a multi-step process involving political dialog and military integration. "[189], On 29 September 2020, NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg called on Georgia to use every opportunity to move closer to the Alliance and speed up preparations for membership. [304] In March 2019, US President Donald Trump made Brazil a major non-NATO ally, and expressed support for the eventual ascension of Brazil into NATO. Debate within the American government as to whether enlargement of NATO was feasible or desirable began during the George H.W. [186] Anders Fogh Rasmussen confirmed that this could include the building of military capabilities and armed forces training. When U.S. Secretary of State Dean Acheson (1893-1971) put his signature on the document, it reflected an important change in American foreign policy. [255], According to Minister of Foreign Affairs Enver Hoxhaj, integration with NATO is a priority for Kosovo, which declared independence from Serbia in 2008. [69] Montenegro also began full membership with the Adriatic Charter of NATO aspirants in May 2009. It was primarily a security pact, with Article 5 stating that a military attack against any of the signatories would be considered an attack against them all. Moldova joined NATO's Partnership for Peace in 1994, and initiated an Individual Partnership Action Plan in 2010. [113] While their neighbors both requested and accepted the dialog program, Serbia's offer was presented to guarantee the possibility of future ties with the alliance.[114]. Romania is a current member of both NATO and the European Union.[281]. [65] Slovenia did ratify Croatia's accession protocol in February 2009,[66] before Croatia and Albania both officially joined NATO just before the 2009 StrasbourgKehl summit, with little opposition from Russia. As of 2022[update], there was only one country participating in a MAP, Bosnia and Herzegovina. [24] Whether or not representatives from NATO member states informally committed to not enlarge NATO into other parts of Eastern Europe during these and contemporary negotiations with Soviet counterparts has long been a matter of dispute among historians and international relations scholars. This was . Article 5 of the treaty states that if an armed attack occurs against one of the member states, it shall be considered an attack against all members, and other members . [135][136] The leadership of the Republika Srpska has opposed this transfer as a loss of autonomy. [10] France, however, delayed the start of the process, in part on the condition that a referendum be held in Saar on its future status, and a revised treaty was signed on 23 October 1954, allowing the North Atlantic Council to formally invite West Germany. "[25] Yeltsin was succeeded in 2000 by Vladimir Putin, who further promoted the idea that guarantees about enlargement were made in 1990, including during a 2007 speech in Munich. [142] On 2 March 2022, Vjosa Osmani, the President of Kosovo, called on NATO to speed up the membership process for Kosovo and Bosnia and Herzegovina. [261], In February 2022, during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, Minister of Defense Armend Mehaj requested a permanent US military base in the country and an accelerated accession process to the organization, citing an "immediate need to guarantee peace, security and stability in the Western Balkans". [158][159] When the eurosceptic nationalist Sweden Democrats adjusted their stance in December 2020 to allow for NATO membership if coordinated with neighboring Finland, a majority of the members of the Swedish Riksdag for the first time belonged to parties that were open to NATO membership,[160] and a motion to allow for future NATO membership passed the parliament that month by 204 votes to 145. 1955 - The accession of Germany. [278] Moldova's President Maia Sandu stated in January 2023 that there was "serious discussion" about joining "a larger alliance", though she didn't specifically name NATO. After some debate among members at the summit, NATO Secretary General Jaap de Hoop Scheffer declared in a press conference that Ukraine, together with Georgia, would someday join NATO, but neither would begin Membership Action Plans. [240], Ireland was neutral during World War II, though the country cooperated with Allied intelligence and permitted the Allies use of Irish airways and ports. That development was not well received by leaders of the Russian Federation and became a source of post-Cold War tension between the East and the West. Its roots date back to 1952, when six countries founded the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) to boost economic growth and ease post-World War II tensions. The alignment of nearly every European nation into one of the two opposing camps formalized the political division of the European continent that had taken place since World War II (1939-45). [227], Austria was occupied by the four victorious Allied powers following World War II under the Allied Control Council, similar to Germany. [150] [156], Russia's military actions in Ukraine, first in 2014 and later in 2022, have caused most major political parties in Sweden to at least re-evaluate their positions on NATO membership, and many moved to support Swedish membership. The Soviet Union . By the mid-1960s, the ECSC merged with two . [288] Relations with NATO were further strained following Kosovo's declaration of independence in 2008, while it was a protectorate of the United Nations with security support from NATO. After months of delays, it signed off on Finland's bid to join in March. [307] In 2020, Trump stated that Middle Eastern countries should be admitted to NATO. [85][86][87] On 15 May, Prime Minister Marin announced at a joint press conference with President Niinist that Finland would apply for NATO membership. [311] In 2014, in the run up to the self-determination referendum, the Generalitat de Catalunya published a memo suggesting an independent Catalonia would want to keep all of Spain's current foreign relationships, including NATO, though other nations, namely Belgium, have questioned whether quick membership for breakaway regions could encourage secessionist movements elsewhere.[312]. Find History on Facebook (Opens in a new window), Find History on Twitter (Opens in a new window), Find History on YouTube (Opens in a new window), Find History on Instagram (Opens in a new window), Find History on TikTok (Opens in a new window), https://www.history.com/topics/cold-war/formation-of-nato-and-warsaw-pact. By: History . Georgia's northern neighbor, Russia, opposed the closer ties, including those expressed at the 2008 Bucharest summit where NATO members promised that Georgia would eventually join the organization. The treaty's Article 10 describes how non-member states may join NATO: The Parties may, by unanimous agreement, invite any other European State in a position to further the principles of this Treaty and to contribute to the security of the North Atlantic area to accede to this Treaty. [144] The move met opposition from Turkey, which called for the Nordic countries to lift their non-existing arms sales ban on Turkey and to stop any support for groups which Turkey and others have labeled as terrorists, including the Kurdish militant groups Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) (that Sweden banned in 1984) and Kurdistan Communities Union (KCK) and Democratic Union Party (Syria) (PYD) and People's Defense Units (YPG), and of the followers of Fethullah Glen, a US-based cleric accused by Turkey of orchestrating the failed 2016 Turkish coup d'tat attempt. [157] The center-right Moderate Party and center-left Liberal Party have both generally supported NATO membership since the end of the Cold War, with the Moderates even making it their top election pledge in 2022. On 30 September 2022, Ukraine formally submitted an application for NATO membership. [198], The 2010 election returned Viktor Yanukovych to the presidency and marked a turnaround in Ukraine's relations with NATO. ["Belarus might host strategic nuclear weapons, says Lukashenko Belarus might host strategic nuclear weapons, says Lukashenko"], thirty-one European and North American countries, disagreement over the use of the name Macedonia, Minister of Defence of Bosnia and Herzegovina, 1995 NATO bombing of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Constitutional Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina, National Assembly of the Republika Srpska, Association Agreement with the European Union, Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia, Greece and Turkey competed for influence in the newly independent Cyprus, Electoral Bloc of Communists and Socialists, founding member of the Non-Aligned Movement, NATO intervention in Bosnia and Herzegovina, active separatist movements within member states, "Ukraine applies for Nato membership after Russia annexes territory", "Ukraine Sees Opportunity to Join NATO After Finland, Sweden Invite", "NATO launches ratification process for Sweden, Finland membership", "Kosovo asks U.S. for permanent military base, speedier NATO membership", "Malta, Austria and Ireland united in NATO 2023 Gunther Fehlinger", "Germany's accession to NATO: 50 years on", "Soviet Union establishes Warsaw Pact, May 14, 1955", "The Spanish Neutrality during the Second World War", "America's shameful rapprochement to the Franco dictatorship", "Base Closings: The Rise and Decline of the US Military Bases Issue in Spain, 19752005", "In Ukraine Conflict, Putin Relies on a Promise That Ultimately Wasn't", "The United States and the NATO Non-extension Assurances of 1990: New Light on an Old Problem?
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