3 of 1967. Needless to say that never happened. As we ponder the suggestion to set up "regional armies", there are lessons from that campaign that need emphasis if we are to learn from history and avoid repeating its mistakes. It was carried out by the 61 Brigade under Major Okeke. Its territory consisted of theEastern RegionofNigeria. The point of no return was reached in January 1966, when, after the collapse of order in the west following the fraudulent election of October 1965, a group of army officers attempted to overthrow the federal government, and Balewa and two of the regional premiers were murdered. The Nigerians who were pursuing us were trained soldiers We were drafted into the war, given two days' training. What God wills is what happens.. [32]The bank carried out all central banking functions including the administration of foreign exchange and the management of the public debt of the Republic. We intend to stay on and make the supreme sacrifice. 2023 The Sun Nigeria All Right Reserved. He plotted the successful offensive to clear Ikot Ekpene of Nigerian Forces. Ojukwu who was a Lieutenant Colonel in the Nigerian Army then became the General of the Biafran army. The Military ranks of Biafra were the military insignia used by the Biafran Armed Forces between 1967 and 1970, when Biafra was defeated in the Nigerian Civil War. [9], Biafra had a small improvised navy, but it never gained the success of the air force. She sold her items to both residents and Biafran soldiers. After running into unexpected resistance and facing many casualties, the right Nigerian column advanced to Nsukka, which was captured on the 14th of July. These doctors, led by Kouchner, concluded that a new aid organisation was needed that would ignore political/religious boundaries and prioritise the welfare of victims. Be the first to get hottest news from our Editor-in-Chief, Check your email and confirm your subscription. Read about our approach to external linking. Ms Nwanunobi joined the Biafran ministry of foreign affairs as part of a handful of translators who worked directly with Ojukwu. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Gen. Yakubu Gowon, right, welcomes UN Secretary-General U Thant, left, as he arrives in Lagos to hold talks about the refugee crisis in the aftermath of the Biafran conflict on January 19, 1970. [9]In 1953 a similar riot occurred inKanolater. Adizua also got his old job back at NEPA and was paid his full salary for the years he was absent during the war. Estimates of the number of people who died during the Nigerian Civil War vary significantly, from 500,000 to 3,000,000. [40]The six airplanes were flown by three Swedish pilots and three Biafran pilots. Eze was soon promoted to the rank of a Brigadier by the Commander-in-Chief, Ojukwu though he continued to have brushes with the political authorities till the end of the war. [32] The first issue of the bank notes included only 5 shillings notes and 1 pound notes. . Colonel Godfrey Nebo was an exceptionally tenacious commander. A Nigerian artillery unit in Port Harcourt on May 19, 1968. [76], On 31 July 2020, the Movement for the Actualization of the Sovereign State of Biafra / Biafra Independence Movement (BIM-MASSOB) joined theUnrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization(UNPO).[77][78]. Estimates of the number of dead from fighting, disease and starvation during the 30-month civil war are estimated at between. Subsequently, the Biafran Commander-in-Chief posted him to Army Headquarters as Chief of Operations under Madiebo, away from field operations. During an enemy counter attack at Umuabayi, our troops destroyed a Saladine and an Armoured Personnel Carrier (APC). [32], It is estimated that a total of 115140million Biafran pounds were in circulation by the end of the conflict, with a population of about 14million, approximately 10per person.[32]. After two-and-a-half years of war, during which almost two million Biafran civilians (34 of them small children) died from starvation caused by the total blockade of the region by the Nigerian government,[5] Biafran forces under Nigerias motto of No-victor, No-vanquished surrendered to the Nigerian Federal Military Government (FMG). Not everything captured could be brought across the river but that which was brought back included 100,000 rounds of ammunition, 50 bicycles, 3 battery charging machines, 4 wireless sets, 2 typewriters, 300 rounds of 105mm shells, 2 anti-aircraft guns and ammunition, a few weapons and fairly large quantities of food and clothing. [16][23][25] It is believed this was one of the major factors that sparked the war. Despite the Biafran Army being poorly trained and lack modern weapons, they're still determined to fight. In September 1969, Biafra acquired four ex-Armee de l'Air North American T-6Gs, which were flown to Biafra the following month, with another T-6 lost on the ferry flight. "That was the largest assembly we had," she recalled. Mr Oragwu wishes that the Igbo had paid less attention to the scramble for power at the centre, and instead distinguished their region by advancing the technological gains of the war. However,Englishwas used as theofficial language. Because of this, the Biafrans manufactured many of their weapons locally. Though he was much older than me, as a fellow Old Boy of Government College Umuahia, I knew him fairly well and interacted very closely with him in 2007 when he was to be honoured by the Lagos Branch of the Association at its Annual Dinner of which I was the chairman of the Dinner Committee under the presidency of C.N.C. He collected his portion from an allocation of raw rice to his unit, then set off towards the village of a relative, where he suspected his parents and siblings would be holed up. These were people who were doing all sorts of things and the war forced them out of their positions.". The RAP's most notable product was the "ogbunigwe", a weapons launcher of remarkable and devastating effect which influenced the outcome of many battles in Biafra's favour, according to historical reports. The six planes were flown by three Swedish pilots and three Biafran pilots. Widespread reports of fraud tarnished the elections legitimacy. Colonel Odumegwu-Ojukwu declared Eastern Nigeria a sovereign state to be known as BIAFRA after the Nigerian military leadership peace conference hosted by General Joseph Ankrah in January, 1967, in Aburi, Ghana. It also had 2 separate brigades, the S Brigade, a Pretorian guard for General Ojukwu,[5] and the 4th Commando Brigade (trained and commanded by mercenaries). Situation in this sector is definitely out of hand if not hopeless. The Nigerian Civil War (6 July 1967 - 15 January 1970), also known as the Nigerian-Biafran War or the Biafran War, was a civil war fought between Nigeria and the Republic of Biafra, a secessionist state which had declared its independence from Nigeria in 1967. Ethnic tension had simmered in Nigeria during discussions of independence, but in the mid-twentieth century, ethnic and religious riots began to occur. Many Igbo still feel sidelined in Nigerian politics, as since the civil war no-one from the ethnic group has become president. Bala Mohammed, a former soldier who fought against Biafra for the Nigerian army. Other nations, which did not give official recognition but provided support and assistance to Biafra, included France, Spain, Portugal, Norway, Rhodesia, South Africa, and Vatican City. At the beginning of the war Biafra had 3,000soldiers, but at the end of the war, the soldiers totalled 30,000. [65]A report byAmnesty Internationalbetween August2015 and August2016, at least 150 pro-Biafran activists overall were killed by Nigerian security forces, with 60 people shot in a period of two days in connection with events marking Biafran Remembrance Day. [48]MASSOB says it is a peaceful group and advertises a 25stage plan to achieve its goal peacefully. [4] Mdecins Sans Frontires also originated in response to the suffering. The Biafran Navy was made up of captured craft, converted tugs, and armored civilian vessels armed with machine guns, or captured 6-pounder guns. Three major rivers flow from Biafra into the Gulf of Guinea: theImo River, theCross Riverand theNiger River.[30]. Okororie recalls that she and her seven children had taken refuge in Oguta, a lakeside town near a local airport, which served as Biafras major supply line for arms and relief materials from international charities. [26] A large amount of oil in the region also created conflict, as oil was already becoming a major component of the Nigerian economy. This number grew as the war progressed, ultimately reaching 30,000. He rose to the rank of Brigadier General in the Nigerian Army and he retired in the mid-1990s. Because of this, the Biafrans manufactured many of their weapons locally. Okororie says she wished she had died, too. France provided weapons and mercenary fighters to Biafra and promoted their cause internationally, describing the situation as a genocide. Commander for GOC. The Biafran Armed Forces ( BAF) were the military of the Nigerian secessionist state of Biafra, which existed from 1967 until 1970. [32] The new currency went public on 28 January 1968, and the Nigerian pound was not accepted as an exchange unit. . https://www.britannica.com/topic/Nigerian-civil-war. [11], During the war, Biafra tried to acquire jets. He attempts to explain dispassionately why army officers toppled the civil government in the cause of stability, and the considerable civilian support they received; and the ensuing riots and counter-coup, in the name of reunification, which led to a civil war claiming some . No gun, no bomb, no nothing. After his release in 1967, he was asked to go into battle on the side of the Biafrans where he was promoted to the rank of a Biafran Lt.colonel but he got killed in an ambush. Nigeria's main reason for going to war was to counter the secession of the Eastern Region (Biafra) from the Republic of Nigeria. [15], Events leading to war "I think now that Ojukwu thought he was Jesus Christ. However, he had gone to help out at the Nsukka Sector when war broke out at Calabar. This coup resulted in General Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi, an Igbo and head of the Nigerian Army, taking power as President, becoming the first military head of state in Nigeria. Shortly thereafter, federal troops entered Enugu, the provisional capital of Biafra, and penetrated the Igbo heartland. A soldier in the ruins of the Onitsha market after it was gutted during fighting in the city on July 16, 1968. War-exposed men marry later and have fewer children. The Nigerian government at the time opposed secession, which ensued after failed talks on reconciliation. Four days later, Ojukwu unilaterally declared the independence of the Republic of Biafra, citing the Easterners killed in the post-coup violence as reasons for the declaration of independence. Colonel Odumegwu Ojukwu Inspecting Newly Recruited Officers Into The Biafran Army The Nigerian civil war otherwise known as the Biafra war in 1967, broke out as a result of the decision of the Igbos to break out of Nigeria. Charles W. Thomas defined the locations of islands in the Bight of Biafra as between the parallels of longitude 5 and 9 East and latitude 4 North and 2 South. This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply. We were not. Two Fouga Magisters and several Gloster Meteors were bought but never arrived in Biafra, being abandoned on foreign African airbases. He talks about his experience with international humanitarian law and the ICRC. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. 2023 Cable News Network. The two-month period of the Nigerian civil war from August 9 to October 8th 1967 represent the entry and exit dates of Biafran forces from the Midwest. A retired general of the Biafran Army presents a post-mortem account of the events of the Nigerian civil war, 1966-70. By early 1969, Biafra had assembled five MFI-9Bs in Gabon, calling them "Biafra Babies". The talks were largely unsuccessful in curbing the conflict between Biafra and Nigeria. If any meeting lasted more than two hours, he wouldn't be party to it.". "I didn't want anybody to disgrace him.". [1], At the beginning of the Nigerian Civil War, Biafra had 3,000 soldiers. When Nigeria declared war on Biafra, some soldiers visited my house while I was away, thinking I was a Biafra informant, he told CNN. Soon afterwards, the Biafran battalion captured Umuabayi, together with the enemy ammunition and food dump located there. As a well-trained and experienced military officer in Nigeria, it was only natural that being an officer later in the Biafran Army, he had to play a key role in the war. CNN Sans & 2016 Cable News Network. It mainly operated in theNiger River deltaand along theNiger River. This he did from January 1957 to December 1958 when he was commissioned a Second Lieutenant in the Nigerian Army. After it ended, markets, schools, homes, and lives devastated by bombs and bullets had to be rebuilt. The leaders of Biafran National Guard, (BNG), invites any and all Biafran Veteran United States Military officers and members who had served in any capacity within the United States Military, professional retired law enforcement officers; as well as retired seasoned armed security service officers; who are from Biafran Origin (South Eastern . He also remembers the last year of the war when his unit was continuously on the move, fleeing the advancing Nigerian army. Some of the positions he held in the Biafran Army include administrative officer, Biafran Army Headquarters and Commander, 11th and 13th Divisions of the Biafran Army, as well as the guerrilla commando unit. It was headquartered in Kidney Island, Port Harcourt, and was commanded by Winifred Anuku. The secret mine that hid the Nazis' stolen treasure. "We thought we were magicians," said 76-year-old Mr Ago. 19-06-2014 Interview. He had just finished grammar school and started training as a veterinary assistant at the University of Nigeria, Nsukka (UNN), in south-eastern Nigeria, when the civil war began. Beatles singer John Lennon returned his MBE in a protest over Britains foreign policy, which included Biafra and the Vietnam war. The BBC is not responsible for the content of external sites. Ojukwu himself remained in exile for 13 years. "And people who worked in every Biafra office were high level people. We completely cleared Ikot Ekpene and up to a minimum radius of six miles.. By way of background information, let me add that Government College, Umuahia by 1966 had produced thirteen mid-level and Senior Officers in the Nigerian Armed Forces. Okororie says she abandoned her clothing business in Port-Harcourt city, where she resided before the start of the war and fled with her seven children to Oguta as Nigerian soldiers advanced on the city in the Biafran territory. "And he was disciplined. But tragedy struck when Nigerian combatants launched an airstrike. The ex-general died on Friday. [44], In 2010, researchers from Karolinska Institutet in Sweden and the University of Nigeria at Nsukka showed that Igbos born in Biafra during the years of the famine were of higher risk of suffering from obesity, hypertension and impaired glucose metabolism compared to controls born a short period after the famine had ended in the early 1970s. He released on bail on 24April 2017 after spending more than 19months without trial of his treason charges. Ojukwu declared independence for the Republic of Biafra in 1966 following a spate of violence that occurred in the north of Nigeria against Igbo people. Some Europeans served the Biafran cause: German born Rolf Steiner was a lieutenant colonel assigned to the 4th Commando Brigade, and Welshman Taffy Williams served as a Major throughout the conflict. Mr Ago remembers the overpowering hunger that often forced Biafran soldiers to catch and eat mice. This exceptionally good Biafran Battalion was under the command of Major Archibong, one of the bravest officers I ever met. Professor Boniface Obinna Okere lectures on international humanitarian law and other subjects at the University of Nigeria in Enugu. Explore in 3D: The dazzling crown that makes a king. As a Biafran soldier, he commanded the Biafran 63 Brigade in the Owerri sector. . During a stopover of several days in Lisbon, she heard that Biafra had surrendered. Nobody can fight a war like that.". The year was 1969, and it was two months before the end of the brutal two-year Nigeria-Biafra war, which killed an estimated one to three million people, mostly from the Igbo tribe in the eastern part of the country. Their number led to speculations both in the Nigerian Armed Forces and Biafran Armed Forces about the existence of the Umuahian Mafia. (Recall that it was in a similar operation that Major Chukwuma Kaduna Nzeogwu died in controversial circumstances). Get the hottest stories from the largest news site in Nigeria, BREAKING: Photos emerge as president-elect Tinubus ADC assumes duty, "She no need wahala": Nigerian bride uses her 4 sisters as asoebi, ignores girls, lovely wedding video trends, Asoebi fashion: 2 curvy women in gorgeous green ensembles wow netizen, 10th NAssembly: Northern senators-elect reveals zone that should produce next senate president, Disquiet as Nigerians trapped at Sudan-Egypt border send SOS, buses stop halfway, "You have dubious intentions": Diaspora group cautions NDDC chairman Ms Lauretta Onochie, Senate presidency: Northwest political group insists on Sen. 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In Nigeria and its surrounding region, long-standing regional stressesethnic competitiveness, educational inequality, and economic imbalance being the most prominentagain came to the fore in a controversial census during 196263. It was Eze that received Madiebo from Kaduna at the Ikeja Airport, Lagos at 1500 hours on the 19th of June, 1966 and drove him in his private car to see the Head of State, Major General J.T.U. The Biafran Armed Forces (BAF) were the military of the Nigerian secessionist state of Biafra, which existed from 1967 until 1970. . [3] A special guerrilla unit, the Biafran Organization of Freedom Fighters, was established: designed to emulate the Viet Cong, they targeted Nigerian supply lines, forcing them to shift resources to internal security efforts. After he was officially pardoned by the Nigerian government, he returned in 1982, with multitudes pouring onto the streets of his home state of Anambra to welcome him. [36], The international humanitarian organisationMdecins Sans Frontiresoriginated in response to the suffering in Biafra. We were drafted into the war, given two days' training. Ojukwu, the son of a wealthy businessman, studied history at Oxford University. [citation needed], Some Europeans served the Biafran cause: German-born Rolf Steiner was a lieutenant colonel assigned to the 4th Commando Brigade, and Welshman Taffy Williams served as a major throughout the conflict. "Everybody was forced to go home so you were forced to fraternise with your people more than any time before. It was during one of Okorories trips to the market that her brothers house was bombed. Oguta town served as Biafra's major supply line for arms and relief material during the war. Though peaceful, the protesters have been routinely attacked by the Nigerian police and army, with large numbers of people reportedly killed. 4 of 1967, modified the Banking Act of the Federal Republic of Nigeria for the Republic of Biafra. The southern population is predominantlyChristian, being primarily made up of territory of the indigenousYorubaand Biafra kingdoms in the West and East respectively. First, his troops carried out series of diversionary, confidence operations to capture ammunition from Nigerian forces and draw its troops out of Ikot Ekpene for a final onslaught. He retired as a Lt Col in the Nigerian Army around 1985 and later became chairman of the National Population Commission, Abuja. Her most memorable assignment occurred after the Biafran military captured six Italian oil workers employed by the Nigerian government. Chief Anthony Enahoro, right, head of the Nigerian delegation, at the opening session of the Nigerian-Biafra peace talks in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, on August 6, 1968. [62][63]Self-determination is not a crime in Nigerian law. The territory of the Republic of Biafra is covered nowadays by the reorganizedNigerian statesofCross River,Ebonyi,Enugu,Anambra,Imo,Bayelsa,Rivers,Abia, andAkwa Ibom. The Biafran War began in July 1966, and ended in 1970 after more than a million people had been killed, mostly from starvation. Biafra was short on ammunition, its people were desperate for food, and its leaders controlled only one-sixth of the territory that had formed the Biafran republic in 1967. The military intervention worsened the political situation, as the army itself split along ethnic lines, its officers clashed over power, and the instigators and leaders of the January coup were accused of favouring Igbo domination. Biafra, named after the Bight at the shores of the Atlantic, in my mind, is one of the greatest nations in black Africa that was destined to be, but unfortunately could only survive for 30 months.. He did not run for the presidency in 1979, and Nigeria shifted to civilian rule, thus closing the era of military control during and around the Nigerian Civil War. He was assassinated in February 1976 during an unsuccessful coup attempt, and his top aide, Lieut. [60][61]On 23December 2015, Kanu was detained and charged with charges that amounting to treason against the Nigerian state. 140 Biafran Army Photos and Premium High Res Pictures - Getty Images CREATIVE Collections Project #ShowUs Creative Insights Custom Content EDITORIAL VIDEO BBC Motion Gallery NBC News Archives MUSIC BLOG BROWSE PRICING BOARDS CART SIGN IN Editorial Images Images Creative Editorial Video Creative Editorial FILTERS CREATIVE EDITORIAL VIDEO All Sports [13], Biafra had a small improvised navy, but it never gained the success of the air force. [56]On 16June 2012, a Supreme Council of Elders of the Indigenous People of Biafra, another pro-Biafra organization was formed, the body is made up of some prominent persons in the Biafra region, they sued the Federal Republic of Nigeria for the right to self-determination, Debe Odumegwu Ojukwu, the eldest son of ex-President / General Ojukwu and a Lagos state-based lawyer was the lead counsel that championed the case. Read about our approach to external linking. Hunger killed more Biafrans than bullets and bombs. The crisis was compounded by intercommunal clashes in the north and threats of secession in the south. In addition, the federal governments policy of giving 20 pounds to Igbos with bank savings, irrespective of what they owned before the war, left some impoverished. Nzeogwus Hausa colleagues in the Nigerian Army gave him the name Kaduna because of his love with the town. He left for exile in Ivory Coast and spent many years in the West African country before he was pardoned by Shehu Shagari, Nigerias first democratically elected president in 1982. Nigerian troops enter Port Harcourt after taking it from Biafrian forces in 1968. He attended Government College Umuahia from 1949 to 1955 and was in Nile and Simpson houses respectively. From 1960 to 1961 he was at the Royal Signals Training School Catterick Camp, Yorkshire, United Kingdom. In the uncontrollable excitement of the chase, the Battalion cleared the entire town instead of clearing only the left side of it as was ordered. Aguiyi Ironsi wherein Madiebo in the presence of Mobolaji Johnson (then Governor of Lagos State) warned Ironsi of an impending coup against him. MEDICAL CONSULTANTS REVEALED HOW MEN CAN NATURALLY AND PERMANENTLY CURE QUICK ERECTION, SMALL MANHOOD, AND INFERTILITY ISSUES WITHOUT SIDE EFFECTS CLICK HERE. In the west the government had fallen apart in 1962, and a boycott of the federal election of December 1964 brought Nigeria to the brink of breakdown. Biafra was formally recognised by Gabon, Haiti, Ivory Coast, Tanzania, and Zambia. [39]In 1968 theSwedishpilotCarl Gustaf von Rosensuggested the MiniCOIN project to General Ojukwu. 2. It was said to be the worlds first televised war and the haunting images of starving children caught in a civil war shocked the world. [19]In January1966, the situation reached a breaking point. The meeting did not end. Powered & Managed by Portia Web Solution. As a Biafran Army is was a Major and he commanded Biafran 11th division,11 battalion and Biafran S division respectively. "Without us, the war would have lasted only about 30 hours," said the 85-year-old. By this time, we would have been competing with at least South Korea.". In conclusion, it is people like Eze that provided the sterling leadership for Biafran troops to perform extra-ordinary human feats that made the French Deputy, Ambassador Raymond Offroy to declare on a visit to Biafra, Before I came to Biafra, I was told that Biafrans fought like heroes. He was 90 years old. Before the war broke out, Adizua lived in Lagos, Nigerias commercial center with his family. "When the war started, there was not a single weapon either in a store or anywhere throughout Biafra. An early institution created by the Biafran government was the Bank of Biafra, accomplished under Decree No. People search the rubble following a bombing raid in Owerri in 1969. In an attempt to stave off ethnic conflict, Nigerias Mid-West region was created in 1963 by dividing the Western region. Dr. Toyin Falola is an African historian and the Jacob and Frances Sanger Mossiker Chair Professor in the Humanities and a Distinguished Teaching Professor at the University of Texas at Austin. Now in his 80s, he says the war was a harrowing experience, and should never be repeated. But at some point, the Nigerian army invaded Oguta, leading a blockade and preventing relief materials from getting into Biafra, and as a result, hundreds of people died of starvation. Professor Okere is a member of the . A Warner Bros. [68][69][70]Many reports has it that BNYL is linked to the Southern Cameroons separatists, although the group confirms this, it denies involvements in violent activities in the region. Early inventory included fourWorld War IIAmerican bombers: twoB-25 Mitchells, twoB-26 Invaders(Douglas A-26) (one piloted by Zumbach),[37]a converted DouglasDC-3[38]and one Britishde Havilland Dove. People were running. Mrs Nwanunobi spent much of the 1970s in Canada before returning to Nigeria in 1977, where she resumed work as a secondary school teacher. [6], The Biafrans set up a small, yet effective air force. In early 1968 the Biafran army captured the city of Owerri at the Capture of Owerri. Did you encounter any technical issues? The civil war in Oguta and other areas in Biafra was life-changing. Being from the eastern part of the country, Adizua says the soldiers on the Nigerian side questioned his flatmates, suspicious he was providing information to Biafran soldiers in the east. On 26 May the Eastern Region voted to secede from Nigeria. A young officer orders an attack during the Biafra conflict in Nigeria in 1969. The Capture of Owerri gave the Biafrans hope for their cause. The federal government, dominated by Northern Nigeria, allowed the crisis to unfold with the intention of declaring a state of emergency and placing the Western Region under martial law. [28], The FMG attacked Biafra on 6July 1967. This number grew as the war progressed, ultimately reaching 30,000. The two columns were led by Colonel Shuwa and mostly northern officers. [32]The bank was administered by a governor and four directors; the first governor, who signed on bank notes, wasSylvester Ugoh. The first operation under a gallant Biafran Officer, Nweke, had troops crossing into Umuabayi from Akwete. They were coloured green, were able to carry six 68mm anti-armour rockets under each wing using simple sights. It mainly operated in the Niger Delta and along the Niger River.[14]. Evelyn Okororie had just returned home from the market in Nigerias Midwest region, when neighbors informed her that an airstrike had killed her mother, her niece and three of her children. As he told me himself in 2007, If a true and complete account of the civil war on the Biafran side is to be rendered, I (Eze) Madiebo and Ojukwu are the three people who can sit down together and jointly write such a book. Federal soldiers were advancing in full force and something had to be done. In May the Eastern regions consultative assembly authorized Ojukwu to establish a sovereign republic, while, at the same time, the federal military government promulgated a decree dividing the four regions into 12 states, including 6 in the north and 3 in the east, in an attempt to break the power of the regions.
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