Graphology, or handwriting analysis, is the allegedly scientific practice of determining people's psychological, social, occupational and medical attributes, as well their moral stature, from the configuration of their letters, lines, and paragraphs on a page. A review of literature. Allport counted handwriting analysis between projective techniques [19]. Balestrino M, Fontana P, Terzuoli S, Volpe S, Inglese ML et al. . Such activation is explained as the result of motor control functions derived from complex finger movements [94]. In a study related to school success, Oosthuizen investigated a sample of 50 university students who underwent a handwriting analysis and a personality assessment questionnaire [113]. In Lindeman opinion, confirmation bias would be ascribable to the so-called Barnum effect, with regard to which people would believe in horoscopes as such under the awning of the Phineas Taylor Barnums famous circus live together so many different characters and numbers that everyone can find something fun, through the paradigm of Barnum effect it has been then explained the reason for the success of the circus [118, 120-123]. These findings were confirmed in manic-depressive handwriting from the studies of Stein-Lewinson who also pointed out the lack of rhythm [45, 46]. Longcamp M, Boucard C, Gilhodes JC, Anton JL, Roth M et al. To judge the validity of a disputed will is complex; however, a major problem is to estimate the state of the mental faculties of the testator at the time of the intentions expressed. Pantheon Books. First of all, it is necessary to collect a handwriting sample with the largest number of alphabetical letters including a span of words ranging from 5 to 100, written using a pen on a white leaf that is devoid of graphs and lines. On the extreme side of depression, in cases of anti-conservative gestures, Mouly et al. Graphology, in fact, attest its usefulness in gaining valuable insights about the character; in general, it can highlight elements such as vitality, energy, strength of will, originality, characteristics of intelligence and at the same time, any specific deficiencies, as a state of mental weakness, conditions of anxiety, emotional distress, and poor level of self-esteem. The extension of the graphological methodology also in the field of dentistry in a survey of 2013 differentiated behaviours and psychological tendencies manifested during the application of the prosthesis in relation to the emotional state [56]. The . In a more recent paper, Crespo et al. King and Koehler have supported the phenomenon of illusory correlation in the use of graphology for the definition of personality traits [37]. The results from the study were a decrease in pressure in people affected by depression and a lengthening of the time of execution of the written in people suffering from depression in comparison with the control group. Therefore, the assignment of managerial skills would result rather vague and banal for the author, easily found in the thought of the common man. The foundation lies in the possibility to build a bridge of connection to the psychic sphere, unveiling in this way, those shadow areas, unconscious and therefore less evident of the human soul. Their results revealed that inferior frontal gyrus may represent a key link between phonological processing and written production quality in beginning writers. Fluckinger, Fritz A, Tripp, Clarence A, Weinberg GH (1961) A Review of Experimental Research in Graphology: 1933 - 1960. However, in some patients it was observed a number of changes not less extravagant than those produced previously. It has been reported significant evidence for positive characteristics related to persistence and attention. This is an example of how it is applied in psychology, counseling, and education. It is a test that is based on psychoanalysis, in the projective techniques and investigation in order to issue the evaluation and analysis of the characteristics of the personality of the consultant. strm J, Thorell LH (2007) Graphometric Variables of Ones Signature: I. After a long pause during the Middle Ages, graphological studies seemed to percolate since the seventeenth century, in particular in Bologna, a professor of logic and metaphysics, Camillo Baldi reported currently valid empirical and scientific observations, in the treatise entitled How from a missive letter, one may know the nature and qualities of the writer. Graphology based behavioural analysis is gaining popularity in the recent years due to widespread applications across diverse fields, such as psychology, education, medicine, criminal detection, marriage . The authors presented an activation of right cerebellum, in particular it has been reported increased cerebellar activation in the right anterior cerebellum and in the right posterior cerebellum [90]. According to recent surveys, in Italy, Greece and the Netherlands 10% of companies employing graphology in selection, while in Switzerland the percentage stands at 15.8% [28, 33-36]. In the second half of the nineteenth century, between 1806 and 1881, in France, the Abb Jean-Hippolyte Michon coined the term graphology catalogued as a series of recurrent graphic signs and empirically linked to specific aspects of the character. The findings from these studies, along with those mainly provided by clinical literature examining correlations between lesions and deficits, have promoted important insights into the neurobiology of writing activities. It is primarily viewed as a pseudoscience and is controversial regarding its validity as a projective personality test. Also called handwriting analysis. Our intent is therefore to start an effective collaboration in order to enhance the tribute of graphology as a social science to psychological speculation. The French graphologist selected 200 graphological signs that gathered in seven categories consisted of: size, shape, pressure, speed, direction, layout and continuity, all addressed in the unicum of a gestalt. The concept was invented by the French, he notes, and to become a graphologist, you typically have to study for around five to seven years. James KH (2010) Sensori-motor experience leads to changes in visual processing in the developing brain. He devoted himself to the study of the Unconscious throughout his entire psychological research, referring to the personal Unconscious as a set of all those things that have been forgotten and subliminally perceived and that do not reach consciousness to its inability to contain them all [10]. The oldest interest towards graphology has been found in India and starting from the year 2000 B. C. it spreads in China, where the art of writing has been also carried out in order to understand the nature of man [4]. In particular, a low score in both revealed a cognitive impairment. The best-known pseudo psychologies all make the unfounded suggestion that various external events or characteristics can affect or determine personality. The results were in agreement with the increasing evidence that alterations of movement are a key feature of the risk of psychosis and that appear to be associated with a dysregulation of the dopaminergic fronto-striatal system since the literature reports that patients with Parkinsons disease treated with dopamine agonists displayed a higher frequency of displacing movements of the pen and patients who suffer from schizophrenia not treated with neuroleptics showed abnormalities of movement [61-64]. The interpretation of handwriting. Bollati Boringhieri. In truth, for the graphological international community the theme of the content of the writings is attributed to one area of assessment that is pertinent to the psychology, because it would have more exquisitely subjective and therefore psychological value. People who are into psychology and want to explore a . In the second half of the eighteenth century, in effect, in France, Johann Kasper Lavater (1741-1801) edited a series of rules to be followed for the interpretation of the character through the study of handwriting and hereafter in the first half of the nineteenth century the first societies of graphology began to be born starting from France. For instance, generosity is reflected by wide spacing of words and large handwriting is associated with confidence. Handwriting analysisalso known as graphologyhas been deemed a pseudo-science by most. . Introduction Graphology is a linguistic level of analysis that comprises the study of graphic aspects of language1. Allport GW (1961) Pattern and growth in personality. The areas of application and use of graphology interested in psychology, education, medicine, forensic context, couple, career guidance, personnel selection [20-23]. Snyder CR, Shenkel RJ, Lowery CR (1977) Acceptance of personality interpretations: the Barnum Effect and beyond. In Germany a contemporary of Michon, Adolf Hentze, worked as a graphological practitioner for a Leipzig periodical and by a series of correct handwriting analyses not only . n. 1. an approach to epistemology holding that all knowledge of matters of fact either arises from experience or requires experience for its validation. On a psychological level this physiological characterization corresponds to the presence in both sexes of heterogeneous characteristics, the Animus and the Anima symbolize archetypal figures of the psyche, each of which is related to the opposite sex. Panton and co-workers provide a quantitative review and synthesis of findings from functional neuroimaging studies [90]. Roux FE, Draper L, Kpke B, Dmonet JF (2010) Who actually read Exner? Two frontal and parietal superior regions seem to be involved, whereas fronto-medial, precentral, frontal inferior, temporal posterior, thalamic and cerebellar areas act at different degrees, from orthographic selection to motor execution. Eleonora Gaetani The Abb Jean-Hippolyte Michon devoted himself to the study of graphic signs cataloging and tracking down characteristic meanings of personality on empirical basis. The connotations of projective tests are according to Frank, therefore, linked to the lack of a structured stimulus, the wide range of response options [18]. In this regard, Balestrino and co-workers found that in some way the graphological signs may identify persons not in possession of the full capacity of discernment or otherwise intellectually impaired [25]. McNeal JU (1967) Graphology: A New Marketing Research Technique. The interpretative hypothesis in these cases was that of a conversion of the symptom expression, which is not necessarily obvious to all patients in treatment. Gabriele Sani James KH, Gauthier I (2006) Letter processing automatically recruits a sensory-motor brain network. Yanagita M, Willcox BJ, Masaki KH, Chen R, He Q et al. Robert derived from his studies that the negative mood was linked to the letters dissociated and the conduct of the graphic layout [44]. Eckert MA, Leonard CM, Richards TL, Aylward EH, Thomson J et al. The study may be focused on two or three handwriting samples produced in a period of about one or two months. In fact, it is argued that if a person writes with a foot or with the mouth or with the other hand, the general characteristics of writing remain identical. Lowis MJ, Mooney S (2001) Examination Performance and Graphological Analysis of Students Handwriting. New. definition of GRAPHOLOGY (Psychology Dictionary) GRAPHOLOGY By N., Sam M.S. Rothlein D, Rapp B (2014) The similarity structure of distributed neural responses reveals the multiple representations of letters. Sepapaja tn 6, Harju maakond In the context of science education and training Ward described a system of graphotherapy applied to primary school children who experienced issues of an emotional-behavioural or assisted-learning by the intervention in the classroom of teachers trained [21]. strm J, Thorell LH (2008) Graphometric Variables of Ones Signature: II. iv) In the left frontal lobe, Exners area is responsible for writing and reading and it appears especially relevant in orthographic or graphemic representations as well as in retrieving letter shapes from memory [74, 87-89]. With the study of handwriting some paradoxes of a persons character can be comprehended through graphology. Rafaeli A, Klimoski RJ (1983) Predicting sales success through handwriting analysis: An evaluation of the effects of training and handwriting sample content. Bern. (2007) Optimizing international humanitarian assistance through the definition of personal profiles: the role of graphology. Kao H, Zhu L, Chao AA, Chen HY, Liu IC et al. Graphology is the analysis of human personality through handwriting. These hypotheses are linked to those of the so-called magical thinking [119]. Beeson P, Rapcsak S, Plante E (2003) The neural substrates of writing: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Freud S (2015) Tre saggi sulla teoria sessuale. In the Jungian conception, the Shadow constitutes a set of instinctual desires and primitive emotions in contrast with society, plays an influential role in the Personal Unconscious where it indicates the darkness of the individual and in the Collective Unconscious as a phenomenon common to all humanity. Robert NA du texte (1991) La graphologie: de la connaissance de soi au recrutement professionnel / Nolle Robert. Among those who do not consider graphology a scientific discipline, Furnham referring to the book of Watson titled: A Dictionary of Mind and Body: Therapies, Techniques and Ideas in Alternative Medicine [116]. Graphemics deals with the customary ways we transcribe spoken language . Harel S, Holtzman M, Jurgenson U, Reider I, Feinsod M (1985) Cerebellar astrocytoma presenting as deterioration of handwriting in a child. It is not easy to determine the prevalence of the use of graphology in personnel selection [24, 28]. have examined the motion abnormalities in subjects at risk of psychosis by estimating the increased presence of displacing movements of the pen. Bertolino M, Steiner DD (2007) Fairness Reactions to Selection Methods: An Italian study. Lin YC, Chao YL, Hsu CH, Hsu HM, Chen PT et al. In two groups of 40 persons, the first composed by successful manager and the second by volunteers, graphics samples have been analysed by three graphologists that succeeded to identify with accuracy the handwritings respectively belonging to the group of professionals and those of the control group. These forms of meditation attested by instrumental data obtained, a brain activation, a regularized activity of the immune system, better intellectual capabilities. In accordance with this correlation, the author led to further investigations that identified aspects graphometrically identifiable on character traits of extroversion or similar to some inner conflict [53]. The author insisted on the prerequisites of the experience, training and observation in the use of tools of graphology, not separated even by good psychological skills. +372-60-28428. Editions T. Schfer A (2016) Graphology in German psychiatry (1870-1930). Graphology Definition And Examples. The Collective Unconscious for Jung is universal, contains mythological, fantastic images, customs, traditions of past and present peoples. 2. In 2014, Kao and colleagues referring in the last three decades to the psychogeometric theory of Chinese character have focused systematically in a study of mental processes and the body resorting to the use of the method of writing Chinese calligraphy [69].
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