After this, examples of the thin lyre can be found throughout the Fertile Crescent. The base is solid or hollow with sound holes. [4], Josephus describes the kinnor as having 10 strings, made from a sheep's small intestine,[1]:442 and played with a plectrum (pick),[1]:441 though the Book of Samuel notes that David played the kinnor "with his hand". 12), and was played upon both by the noble and by the lowly. Upon an instrument of ten strings, and upon the psaltery; upon the harp with a solemn sound. 176) calls attention to the fact that in the Orient it is still the custom for a precentor to sing one strophe, which is repeated three, four, or five tones lower by the other singers. Kinnor David keychain (Harp / lyre) Jewish bible musical instrument and Magen / Star of David symbol from Israel israeldirect (966) $10.50 FREE shipping Lyre Harp Judaica Jewish Musical Brass Vintage Bookends Made in Israel ArchaicEmpire (97) $107.10 $119.00 (10% off) FREE shipping Israel Lyre NECKLACE. It is mainly an Israeli frame drum form and probably the oldest version of a man-made drum. In contrast to the meager modal choice of modern melody, the synagogal tradition revels in the possession of scale-forms preserved from the remote past, much as are to be perceived in the plain-song of the Catholic, the Byzantine, and the Armenian churches, as well as Hungarian, Roma, Persian and Arab sources. Jewish Lyre Instrument - Etsy Check out our jewish lyre instrument selection for the very best in unique or custom, handmade pieces from our shops. Although they have similarities, lyres and harps differ in shape, size, sound, and playability. Kinnors are mostly small, and musicians use one of their hands to hold it on their lap and the other to play it, which is different than a harp. It is mainly an Israeli frame drum form and probably the oldest version of a man-made drum. most common style of singing, means imagination, Hindustani music. [12]:440 It has been referred to as the "national instrument" of the Jewish people,[13] and modern luthiers have created reproduction lyres of the "kinnor" based on this imagery. They are commonly tuned on single string courses like this: D2-G2-A2-D3-G3-C4 (low to high). Although there are many sacred instruments in Israel, the kinnor is the main temple instrument of Israel and Jewish culture. [7] If this etymology is correct it may be relevant to the question of the shape of the instrument. The Sistrum comprises a handle and a U-shaped metal frame between 30 and 76 cm wide and is made of brass or bronze. [1], Thin lyres are a type of flat-based eastern lyre with a thinner soundbox where the sound hole is created by leaving the base of the resonator open. As it appears from the foregoing that the instrument was widely used among the Semites, and as the Biblical references, as well as those found in Josephus, seem to apply best to the cithara, it may be assumed that this instrument corresponds to the kinnor. iii. It was held in the right hand to set the upper strings in vibration; when not in use, it hung from the instrument by a ribbon. This type of music usually consists of the same formulaic mix. 5; Isa. Although Josephus mentions twelve strings, it must be remembered that the instrument underwent various changes of form in the course of time. Required fields are marked *. The harmonia, or manner in which the prayer-motive will be amplified into hazzanut, is measured rather by the custom of the locality and the powers of the officiant than by the importance of the celebration. It was first brought to Europe in the 12th century, and from the 14th through the 16th, it was known as a Psaltery or Zither in its European form. The round-based lyre re-appeared in the West in Ancient Greece where it was sole form of lyre used between 1400 BCE and 700 BCE.[1]. The Shofar is made of mostly male sheep horns and used for religious purposes in Jewish tradition. refers to music from South India, unified were schools are based on the same solo instruments, ragas and rhythm instrument, music pieces are mainly set for the voice and with lyrics. The lyrics of these songs are generally English with some Hebrew or Yiddish phrases. The words "pi ha-nebel" (Amos vi. Copyright 2018-2023. In Israeli music, there are many different instrument types with the main focus on stringed instruments and percussion instruments. ); whereas in the parts of the books of Ezra and Nehemiah belonging to the Chronicles singers are reckoned among the Levites (compare Ezra 3:10; Nehemiah 11:22; 12:8,24,27; I Chronicles 6:16). _____ Jewish Lyre. As in the case of all instrumental music among the Hebrews, they were used principally as an accompaniment to the voice (see Music). On account of the important part which women from the earliest times took in singing, it is comprehensible that the higher pitch was simply called the maiden's key, and ha-sheminit would then be an octave lower. The Hebrew Bible uses the term timbrel, suggesting that the former refers to a wooden or metal hoop over which a parchment head is stretched. In later years, the practice became to allow singing for feasts celebrating religious life-cycle events such as weddings, and over time the formal ban against singing and performing music lost its force altogether, with the exception of the Yemenite Jews. [4], The earliest reference to the word "lyre" is the Mycenaean Greek ru-ra-ta-e, meaning "lyrists" and written in the Linear B script. Different tones could be obtained from a single bowed string by pressing the fingernails of the player's left hand against various points along the string to fret the string. It was introduced into Europe in the 7th century, then rapidly developed. xxxiii. At the dedication of the walls of Jerusalem, Nehemiah formed the Levitical singers into two large choruses, which, after having marched around the city walls in different directions, stood opposite each other at the Temple and sang alternate hymns of praise to God (Nehemiah 12:31). The Oud is played with a Risha, which is the oldest form of a guitar pick or plectrum, made from an eagles quill. Probably the unison of the singing of Psalms was the accord of two voices an octave apart. It is mainly an Israeli frame drum form and probably the oldest version of a man-made drum. [1], Bull lyres are a type of eastern lyre that have a flat base and bull's head on one side. Eng. Psaltery 2. Schematic drawing of an . The seal's lyre motif was believed to be the most accurate depiction of the famous lyre of the Bible, the instrument strummed by King David. vi.). The kinnor, most often referred to as a "harp" or "lyre," was an instrument commonly used in ancient Israel. The modal differences are not always so observable in the Sephardic or Southern tradition. LyreTwo Hebrew terms are translated as lyre. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. These are each differentiated from other prayer-motives much as are the respective forms of the cantillation, the divergence being especially marked in the tonality due to the modal feeling alluded to above. The joyous intonation of the Northern European rite for morning and afternoon prayers on the Three Festivals (Passover, Sukkot and Shavuot) closes with the third tone, third ending of the Gregorian psalmody; and the traditional chant for the Hallel itself, when not the one reminiscent of the "Tonus Peregrinus," closely corresponds with those for Ps. 31). With Arabic music influences, Qanun is widely used in Israeli music. Its movable crossbars tiny rings or loops of thin metal make a sound when shaken that ranges from a faint clank to a loud jangling. The large lyre was called hunzinar and the small one ippizinar in Hittite. vi. The representations on Jewish coins, mentioned above, appear in comparison with these primitive forms as further developments under the influence of Greek taste. The kinnor is mentioned 42 times in the Old Testament, in relation to "divine worship prophecy secular festivals and prostitution. The earliest synagogal music was based on the same system as that used in the Temple in Jerusalem. It may also be a melodic instrument or instruments to keep tal. For the modern Yemenite-Israeli musical phenomenon, however, see Yemenite Jewish music.). Like the lessons, it, too, is cantillated. While Gesenius defines kinnor to be a species of harp or lyre, and Furst renders it by the single word harp, Winer expresses himself in such a way as to indicate an opinion that the Hebrew instrument so named might be either harp, lyre, or lute. 22). Today, scholars divide instruments referred to as kitharis into two subgroups, the round-based cylinder kithara and the flat-based concert kithara. In the English versions of the Old Testament the former word is wrongly translated"harp." uggav (small flute), the transl. Country Yossi, Abie Rotenberg, Uncle Moishy, and the producers of the 613 Torah Avenue series are examples of Orthodox Jewish musicians/entertainers whose music teach children Orthodox traditions. They were stretched between the yoke and bridge, or to a tailpiece below the bridge. Artists include Avraham Fried, Dedi Graucher, Lipa Schmeltzer, Mordechai Ben David, Shloime Dachs, Shloime Gertner, and Yaakov Shwekey. INSTRUMENTAL MUSIC OF INDIA. Tanbra In Cairo, played by a Nubian, 1858. krti. [19] The remains of what is thought to be the bridge of a 2300-year-old lyre were discovered on the Isle of Skye, Scotland in 2010 making it Europe's oldest surviving piece of a stringed musical instrument. The word has subsequently come to mean violin in Modern Hebrew. 2, lvii. Also known as the Jewish Lyre, Kinnor is commonly mistranslated as a harp. Shabbat morning and weekday evening motives are especially affected by this survival, which also frequently induces the Polish azzanim to modify similarly the diatonic intervals of the other prayer-motives. [1]:440 It has been referred to as the "national instrument" of the Jewish people,[2] and modern luthiers have created reproduction lyres of the kinnor based on this imagery. From the entrails and a tortoise/turtle shell, he created the Lyre. According to the Roman Jewish historian Josephus (1st century ad), it resembled the Greek kithara (i.e., having broad arms of a piece with the boxlike neck), and kinnor was translated as kithara in both the Greek Old Testament and the Latin Bible. Bibl. [1] By the Hellenistic period (c. 330 BCE) what was once a clearly divided use of flat-based lyres in the East and round-based lyres in the West had disappeared, as trade routes between the East and the West dispersed both kinds of instruments across more geographic regions. 5; II Sam. They were never used on occasions of mourning (Isa. 16; II Chron. 5). Homer described two different western lyres in his writings, the phorminx and kitharis. There are certain experts who are only to blow the holy shofar in Jewish culture. It is played using a plectrum or pic to strike the strings; a technique later used by the Greeks on the western lyres. lyre, stringed musical instrument having a yoke, or two arms and a crossbar, projecting out from and level with the body. Here the instrument consists of a long, rectangular board, the upper half of which is cut out so as to form a kind of frame; and above this opening the strings, running parallel to one another, are strung lengthwise across the board. There is no question that melodies repeated in each strophe, in the modern manner, were not sung at either the earlier or the later periods of psalm-singing; since no such thing as regular strophes occurred in Hebrew poetry. Other sources credit it to Apollo himself.[18]. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. 27; I Sam. The word zinar is probably Hattic. Tonality depends on that particular position of the semitones or smaller intervals between two successive degrees of the scale which causes the difference in color familiar to modern ears in the contrast between major and minor melodies. The responses likewise follow the tonality of the prayer-motive. 5th century BCE. According to one opinion the nebel was identical with the harp. Moreover, popular festivals of all kinds were celebrated with singing and music, usually accompanying dances in which, as a rule, women and maidens joined. Like the bull lyre, the thick lyre did not use use a plectrum but was plucked by hand. The kinnor of the Bible. Periodically Jewish music jumps into mainstream consciousness, Matisyahu (musician) being the most recent example. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. Updates? CLASSIFICATION OF INSTRUMENTS IN INDIA 1. There are diverse shapes of shofars made from horns of different sheep species, and their finishes may have been differently made. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. Tambourine 10. In connection with secular events (Amos vi. This article aimed to characterize the different musical instruments of Southeast Asian countries and distinguish characteristics to its music, culture, and tradition. The intonations of the Sephardim even more intimately recall the plainsong of the Mozarabian Christians, which flourished in their proximity until the 13th century. The kinnor is generally agreed to be a stringed instrument, and thus the stringed instrument most commonly mentioned in the Old Testament. The pick, or plectrum, however, was in constant use. Israeli music offers a lot for ethnic music enthusiasts. Jewish Music in the 20th century has spanned the gamut from Shlomo Carlebach's nigunim to Debbie Friedman's Jewish feminist folk, and includes through-composed settings of the Avodath Hakodesh ('Sacred Service') by such composers as Ernest Bloch, Darius Milhaud, and Marc Lavry. David by his playing on the harp drove away an evil spirit from Saul;[9] the holy ecstasy of the Prophets was stimulated by dancing and music;[10] playing on a harp awoke the inspiration that came to Elisha. Lots of instruments we know today are rooted in the history of Israel and its neighboring lands. Chatsotserah 7. Psalm 33:2 (ESV) . The kinnor had from 3 to 12 gut strings, in late antiquity usually 10. A somewhat different Assyrian harp is pictured in a Kuyunjik relief, where a band of musicians going to meet the victorious Assurbanipal is represented. Shophar 6. "A Short Note on African Lyres in Use Today. The earlier formal melodies still more often are paralleled in the festal intonations of the monastic precentors of the eleventh to the 15th century, even as the later synagogal hymns everywhere approximate greatly to the secular music of their day. 2. . Before Greek civilization had assumed its historic form (c. 1200 BC), there was likely to have been great freedom and independence of different localities in the matter of lyre stringing, which is corroborated by the antique use of the chromatic (half-tone) and enharmonic (quarter-tone) tunings - pointing to an early exuberance, and perhaps also to a bias towards refinements of intonation. Without doubt the striking of the cymbals marked the measure. The cultural peak of ancient Egypt, and thus the possible age of the earliest instruments of this type, predates the 5th century classic Greece. 9). One is mentioned in only one book of the Bible (Dan. 27; I Chron. Played with both hands like a modern harp, the . The fact that it has no frets and how that is an advantage! 11), its use appears to have been regarded as unseemly and profane. Kinnor 3. "[8] The kinnor is sometimes mentioned in conjunction with the nevel, which is also presumed to be a lyre but larger and louder than the kinnor. In the English versions of the Old Testament the former word is wrongly translated"harp." In both instruments the strings were set in vibration by the fingers, or perhaps by a little stick, the plectrum (as Josephus says). Isa. This article is about the musical instrument. 21). Next to the passages of Scripture recited in cantillation, the most ancient and still the most important section of the Jewish liturgy is the sequence of benedictions which is known as the Amidah ('standing prayer'), being the section which in the ritual of the Dispersion more immediately takes the place of the sacrifice offered in the ritual of the Temple on the corresponding occasion. The detailed statements of the Talmud show that the service became ever more richly embellished. The cantor sang the piyyutim to melodies selected by their writer or by himself, thus introducing fixed melodies into synagogal music. Some instruments called "lyres" were played with a bow in Europe and parts of the Middle East, namely the Arabic rebab and its descendants,[21] including the Byzantine lyra.[22]. Historically, Kinnors are known as the origins of the lyres that we see different versions of it in almost every culture today. The Jew's harp, also known as jaw harp, juice harp, or mouth harp, is a lamellophone instrument, consisting of a flexible metal or bamboo tongue or reed attached to a frame. The priest and biographer Plutarch (c. 100 AD) wrote of the musicians of the archaic period Olympus and Terpander, that they used only three strings to accompany their recitation; but there is no evidence for or against this dating from that period. is the main temple instrument of Israel and Jewish culture. It was also used in the valley of Hinnom at the . The music may have preserved a few phrases in the reading of scripture which recalled songs from the Temple itself; but generally it echoed the tones which the Jew of each age and country heard around him, not merely in the actual borrowing of tunes, but more in the tonality on which the local music was based. [5] The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia also notes that the early church fathers agreed the kithara (kinnor) had its resonator in the lower parts of its body. ("Laudate Pueri" and "Laudate Dominum") in the "Graduale Romanum" of Ratisbon, for the vespers of June 24, the festival of John the Baptist, in which evening service the famous "Ut Queant Laxis," from which the modern scale derived the names of its degrees, also occurs. Identification [ edit] ", This page was last edited on 31 March 2023, at 17:06. I enjoyed learning about these instruments especially the Oud! The second sound is referred to as the, It was first brought to Europe in the 12th century, and from the 14th through the 16th, it was known as a P. The Sumponyah, which later became the Calabrian Zampogna, Although there are many sacred instruments in Israel, the kinnor. In later times singers even received a priestly position, since Agrippa II. Reproduction of the lyre from the Sutton Hoo royal burial (England), c.600 AD, A reconstruction of a Germanic lyre (Rotte, Round lyre). It is a style of florid melodious intonation which requires the exercise of vocal agility. [14], In Ancient Greece, recitations of lyric poetry were accompanied by lyre playing. Music; and the bibliographies cited in these works. The earliest picture of a Greek lyre appears in the famous sarcophagus of Hagia Triada (a Minoan settlement in Crete). Lyres appearing to have emerged independently of Greco-Roman prototypes were used by the Germanic and Celtic peoples of the early Middle Ages. Kinnor was mentioned 42 times in the Hebrew Bible, and historians say that kinnor was played even in temples in ancient Israel, B.C. [7], HornbostelSachs classifies the lyre as a member of the lute-family of instruments which is one of the families under the chordophone classification of instruments. The musician places the instrument flat on their knees or a table and uses their fingers or two plectra, one on each hands forefinger, to pluck the strings. The ancient Hebrews had two stringed instruments, the "kinnor" () and the "nebel" ( ). The last of the bowed lyres with a fingerboard was the "modern" (c.14851800) Welsh crwth. It was with the piyyutim (liturgical poems) that Jewish music began to crystallize into definite form. Next comes, from the first ten centuries, and probably taking shape only with the Jewish settlement in western and northern Europe, the cantillation of the Amidah referred to below, which was the first portion of the liturgy dedicated to a musical rendering, all that preceded it remaining unchanted. 8; Ezek. Kinnor was mentioned 42 times in the Hebrew Bible, and historians say that kinnor was played even in temples in ancient Israel, B.C. According to another view the nebel is to be compared with the "sanir" (still used among the Arabs), perhaps in view of the Septuagint rendering of the word by "psalterion" (=; Dan. A detailed investigation into the elusive 10-string lyre known in Hebrew as the 'Kinnor' - mentioned throughout the Hebrew Bible and also in the writings of.
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