Li, D., Du, X., Wang, Y., Sui, C. & He, J. Callus induction and embryogenesis of Ziziphus jujuba cv. The observation of flowering characteristics of Chinese jujube. Generally, it is best to repot it from March to may in spring. The practical techniques include cold storage, controlled atmosphere storage, decompression storage, and controlled freezing-point storage119,120,121,122. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. (2) High-efficiency breeding technology systems for optimizing and upgrading the cultivar and rootstock structure: integrating the precise identification and utilization of excellent germplasm and the comprehensive application of innovative breeding approaches with rapid evaluation and screening methods; establishing high-efficiency propagation systems for transplant shock-free large nursery plants by integrating the use of containerized seedling production, industrial tissue culture rapid propagation, and micrografting153; registering, protecting and promoting newly released varieties worldwide; and including the top varieties in Club propagation, production, and commercialization systems, following experience in apple, kiwi fruit, etc. Flora of China (Science Press, 2007). var. Zhang, C., Bian, Y., Hou, S. & Li, X. Both species thrive in hot dry climates where winter temperatures do not go below 9.4 C (49 F). Front. According to the authors investigation in Iran, all the jujube trees that were hundreds of years old were located at key sites on the ancient Silk Road, and Iranian scholars report that the jujube was introduced from China. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. Jour. Since it was introduced into neighboring countries such as Korea and Japan 2000 years ago, jujube has spread to at least 48 countries, commercial jujube cultivation has developed at different levels in China, South Korea, Iran, Israel, the United States, Italy, Australia, and other countires2,3,6,7,8. Softwood grafting in early spring also gave success of 90%. & Liu, M. Expression profiles of genes and enzymes related to ascorbic acid metabolism in fruits of Ziziphus jujuba Mill. J. Beijing. Liu, M., Zhao, J., Wang, J., Liu, Z. Sci. Jujube tree yields in dryland saline soils are restricted by water shortages and soil salinity. cv. Agrofor Syst 31:181198, Schroth G, Poidy N, Morshauser T, Zech W (1995) Effects of different methods of soil tillage and biomass application on crop yields and soil properties in agroforestry with high tree competition. Liu, Q. Method 1: Hybrids are produced by using a male-sterile variety as the female parent and a variety with high pollen viability and compatibility as the male parent20,84. The root system is the main organ of water uptake for the plant. Sin.49, 27722791 (2016). Therefore, the development of jujube can make efficient use of marginal lands, improve the environment, and provide farmers in rural regions with an agricultural industry that is easy to manage and provides high revenues. Typical symptoms include witches' broom, small leaves, phyllody and dense root suckers. . Updates? In this period, the first jujube research monograph Da Zao Pu, written by Liu Guan (Yuan dynasty, 1300), which recorded 71 jujube cultivars, was published. Univ.4, 7275 (1984). Its utilization and cultivation history can be traced back to the Neolithic age, 7000 years ago1,2,3,4,5. It takes ~1 month for natural drying or air drying to be complete, while the time required can be reduced to 1 day or even less with artificial drying. The seedling rate of young embryos <30 days after flowering (before the abortion peak) was increased from 3.7 to 40%89. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Objectives such as tolerance to transportation and long storage life, varied ripening times, and multiple-use cultivars are marketers preferences. Jujubes do best in warm, dry climates, but can tolerate winter lows down to -20 degrees F. (-29 C.). Based on the challenges facing the jujube industry, we discuss eight research aspects to be focused on in the future. Plant Genet. It was discovered that an autotetraploid sour jujube had higher tolerance to salinity than the diploid, and its preliminary molecular mechanism was illustrated80,81. Pap. var. Eur. Aims Planting density is a major factor during the conversion of cropland to woodland in the semiarid hilly region of the Chinese Loess Plateau. Zhao, J. et al. Chireceanu, C., Iamandei, M., Stnic, F. & Chiriloaie, A. CAB International, Wallingford, p 276, Zamora DS, Jose S, Nair PKR, Ramsey CL (2006) Interspecific competition in a pecan-cotton alleycropping system in the southern United States: production physiology. PubMed Currently, under the optimal storage conditions, half-red fresh jujube can be preserved for 23 months or even more than 4 months. Jujube is highly tolerant of drought, infertility and salinity, and has low demands for water and fertilizers4 (Table 1). Univ.21, 124126 (2009). Later, another jujube genome and the chloroplast genome sequencing of four Ziziphus species were published15,16. Agrofor Syst 69:107116. Zhang, Z. Bot.165, 92107 (2019). Jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill. What is the best way to plant a jujube tree? (4) The low-level processing techniques that imitate those used for other fruits and focus on solving the overproduction problem do not meet the requirements of postharvest value addition and demands for diversified, advanced, and internationalized new products. The traditional production region formation period (Zhou DynastyHan Dynasty, or 1000 BCE1 CE). Jujube hardwood cuttings are quite difficult to propagate, presenting a rooting rate of usually <30%, and have rarely been used in commercial production. The major requirements to meet farmers needs are reducing inputs, increasing output and accelerating economic returns. Effects of different treatments on storage quality of Dongzao jujube fruits during shelf-life period. Agric. Until now, a total of 25 triploid, tetraploid, and octoploid strains have been created, among which three excellent tetraploid strains have been released as new cultivars by the Hebei Forestry Cultivar Examination and Approval Committee75,76,77. We would like to thank Mr. Robert Heyduck from New Mexico State University for his review of this paper before submission. This may be due to the increase d water absorption ca pacity of the root system caused by severe . Ji, Q. Resour.10, 121125 (2009). J. Tarim. This method can produce cross and reciprocal-cross hybrids at the same time85. Once the sucker has established a root system . Wang, S., Yan, C. & Shao, F. Comparation study of blooming and fruiting ability in two types of bearing shoot in southern China fresh-eat jujube. Ciceoi, R., Dobrin, I., Mardare, E. S., Dicianu, E. D. & Stnic, F. Emerging pests of Ziziphus jujuba crop in. In recent years, the interploidy hybridization of jujube and the interspecific hybridization between jujube and sour jujube were successfully carried out20,84,85. var. J. Compared with those under natural drying, the preservation rates for vitamin C, total sugar, sucrose, fructose, glucose, soluble protein, and other nutrients under artificial drying are significantly improved130,131,132. A new excellent early-ripening tetraploid table cultivar of Chinese jujubeHongguang. Sin.33, 374377 (2006). PubMed Central N. W. SCI-TECH Uni. Sci. Sci. trees51, 810 (2019). (Preliminary results regarding the in vitro propagation of Chinese date (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.). Qi, Y. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Water and fertilizer are the two main factors which promote the rapid growth of Jujube (Ziziphus jujuba) trees. Liu, Z. et al. C.J. Xue, M., Zhang, J., Zhang, P. & Wang, L. Effect of hypobaric storage on physiological and biochemical changes of Dong jujube fruit during cold storage. Given the limitations of traditional selection breeding for obtaining breakthrough cultivars and the extreme difficulty of cross-breeding in jujube, polyploid breeding seems to be a promising prospect. In addition, triploids of Jinsixiaozao, Yuanlingzao, and Changhongzao have been created by endosperm culture, but no new cultivar has been released82. Evaluation on nutritious characteristics and germplasm screening of different Chinese jujube cultivars. & Ma, Z. Forests10, 392 (2019). Cambridge University Press, New York, Wanvestraut RH, Jose S, Nair PKR, Brecke BJ (2004) Competition for water in a pecan (Carya illinoensis K. Koch)cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) alley cropping system in the southern United States. Sci. Correspondence to M.L. The contents of vitamin C, cAMP, soluble sugars, titratable acids, sucrose, glucose, and fructose were significantly higher in tetraploid Riguang fruits than in diploid Dongzao fruits79. Rapid SNP discovery and a RAD-Based high-density linkage map in jujube (Ziziphus Mill.). The fruits are smaller and not so sweet. Scientific Debates Cluj-Horticulture XX, UAMV Cluj-Napoca, 236238 (1997). From the 1950s to 1980s, the first nationwide jujube germplasm investigation was carried out; a total of 700 jujube cultivars and 30 wild sour jujube genotypes were determined through synonym and homonym identification and recorded in the book China Fruit Tree Records-Jujube1. J. Polym. Preliminary study on in vitro culture of shoot segment in Chinese jujube. The Illustrated Germplasm Resources of Chinese Jujube (China Agriculture Press, 2013). spinosa Hu), four viewpoints have been reported66, i.e., that they are the same species, that jujube is a variety of sour jujube, that sour jujube is a variety of jujube, or that they are two different species. Li, R., Li, X., Huang, J. Fresh jujube fruit can be kept fresh for 24 months under controlled atmosphere storage or controlled freezing-point storage. Liu, M. et al. & Liu, M. Discussion about the scientific name of Chinese jujube and wild jujube. Breeding objectives should take into consideration the characteristics of jujube trees, the demands of all related parties, the breeding trends in fruit trees and breeding practices in jujube70. in subtropical and tropical regions. ), or Chinese date, is the most important species of Rhamnaceae, a large cosmopolitan family, and is one of the oldest cultivated fruit trees in the world. After the beginning of the 21st century, much more attention was paid to intensive processing that highlights the characteristic nutrients of jujube. Int. The joint map across the 12 linkage groups (the same as the basic chromosome number in jujube) spanned 1020.22cM, with a mean marker distance of 0.32cM. ) in a Paulownia and wheat intercropping system. et al. should not be planted in the shade of other trees Soils: Jujubes tolerate many types of soils, but prefer a sandy, well-drained soils and do less well in heavy, poorly drained soil. Plant Genet. Food Sci.33, 278282 (2012). Acta Hortic. Acad. the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in For . J. Chin. Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding (2011). In the years to come, jujube research can focus on the following eight aspects: (1) Multiomics analysis of the formation mechanisms of the important unique traits of jujube to provide a solid foundation for molecular breeding, high-efficiency cultivation, and high-nutrition processing. After entering the 21st century, protected cultivation techniques for fresh jujube have developed gradually. ), sour jujube (Z. acidojujuba Liu et Cheng) and Indian jujube (Z. mauritiana L.). Zhang, C., Liu, M., Kong, D., Wu, G. & Li, D. Diversification of resistance to fruit shrink disease in Chinese jujube germplasm. When I planted my Jujube as a bare root tree, I chopped it down to knee height about 2 feet tall and it finished the summer around 9 feet. It has multiple uses as a fresh or dried fruit, processing material, traditional Chinese medicine, celebratory food, health product, and a representative of native Chinese products. Back to albums list. Jujube Witches' Broom Disease (JWB), caused by phytoplasma, is the most destructive disease of Chinese jujube. It can be seen that jujube fruit can meet the marketers demand for profits and risk avoidance. PLoS ONE11, e0154212 (2016). Ser. var. Agroforestry Systems Only approximately ten of them cause severe yield and quality losses, such as peach fruit moth, jujube inchworm, Ancylis sativa Liu, Tetranychus viennensis Zacher, jujube rust, jujube witches broom, and fruit cracking. J Sci Food Agric 30:129135, Article A set of new propagation approaches has been developed on the basis of traditional sucker division. 6-year-old jujube exhibited a stronger negative effect on the productivity of wheat than did 2- or 4-year-old jujube and there was less effect on productivity of jujube in the 6-year-old system than in the 2- or 4-year-old jujube trees grown in monoculture. A technique for the sorted extraction and comprehensive wasteless utilization of the main functional components of jujube has been developed on the basis of systematic nutrient composition analysis54,138,139. showed that the percentage of healthy fruit and the edible rate of Dongzao jujube stored at 2C for 100 days were 7.4% and 20.2% higher than those of jujube stored at 0C125. Agr. Therefore, jujube has broad prospects as a material for the development of healthy foods with high nutrition value. Liu, M. & Wang, Y. Spatial distribution of root length density (RLD, cm 125 cm) in a jujube trees grown alone for 5 years, b 5-year-old jujube trees intercropped with wheat, c jujube tree grown alone for 7 . In addition, the distinct trait of the bearing shoot falling in winter is related to the ethylene and abscisic acid (ABA) pathways12. Chen, D. The problems and solutions of Hami jujube mechanized drying. Genes8, 340 (2017). Sin.40, 426432 (2013). Sin.32, 496499 (2005). Tree Genet. & Liu, M. Simultaneous determination of four water-soluble vitamins in Chinese jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) Gao, Y., Zhao, Z. Acta Hortic. The treatments comprised (1) sole cotton, (2) 5-year-old sole jujube trees, (3) 7-year-old sole jujube trees, (4) 9-year-old sole jujube . Acta Hortic. Luo, Z. Liu, M. et al. Plant Cell Tiss. Hao, Z., Dai, L., Wang, J., Wu, X. var. & Liu, M. Screening and evaluation of germplasms with high resistance to fruit cracking in Ziziphus jujuba Mill. The Indian, or cottony, jujube (Z. mauritiana) differs from the common jujube in having leaves that are woolly beneath instead of smooth. Genomes12, 110 (2016). Jujube is a tree that produces a date-like fruit. J. spinosa Hu) and cultivate them1,2,3,4. for jujube products to respond to the demands of different international markets and especially of large distribution channels. PLoS ONE10, e0127812 (2015). The traditional production technology development period (end of Han DynastyNorthern Wei Dynasty, or 1 CE500 CE). Autotetraploidization in Ziziphus jujuba Mill. Recently, some excellent new cultivars for fresh eating, such as Jinsi 4, Yueguang, Zaohongmi, Zaocumi, and Zaoqiuhong, and some for dehydration, such as Yuangling 2, Shuguang, Zanshuo, Yushuai, and Linhuang 1, with larger fruit, higher quality and higher resistance to fruit diseases than traditional cultivars, have become the dominant cultivars. Planta248, 11871199 (2018). Stnic, F. Rezultate preliminare privind micronmulirea in vitro a curmalului chinezesc (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) CAS Xue, C. et al. Construction of a dense genetic linkage map and QTL analysis of trunk diameter in Chinese jujube. Yangling: Northwest A&F University (2014). Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. The fruits of the tetraploids were 3050% larger in size, 47 days earlier to mature and better tasting than diploid fruits. It has a very low chilling requirement and is suitable for protected cultivation. & Liu, G. Phylogenetic analysis of 25 plant species representing 19 angiosperm families and one gymnosperm family based on 390 orthologous genes. Wang, X., Shao, J., Zhang, X., Peng, S. & Wang, Y. Bring to a moderate boil and simmer for 20 minutes, let cool, then boil for another 20 minutes. var. The major advances in this period included grafting techniques (1000 YA), intercropping (600 YA), fresh fruit storage in ice rooms (200 YA), shifting the girdling time from winter to the flowering season, and processing candied jujubes, jujube wine, and jujube vinegar. These findings may partly explain the interspecific competition effects in jujube tree/wheat agroforestry systems. Fruit drying technology has gradually changed from traditional natural drying under the sun to dehydration in a drying room or by drying machine129. They are Section Ziziphus Cheng et Liu and Section Perdurans Cheng et Liu. J. Hortic. The beginning of this period was marked by the founding of the Peoples Republic of China in 1949. Int.39, 917923 (2006). PubMedGoogle Scholar. The results of sensory tests and analyses with common consumers of different ages and origins are positive and encouraging14,152. Lizao on Ziziphus rootstock) tree plantations have been planted densely to increase income, with a spacing of 3 m between tree rows and 2 m between trees in rows. Research methods should involve more new approaches, such as modern information technology and multiomics techniques. Wu, J., Zhang, Y., Li, M. & Qian, J. (3) Internet Information System for Jujube Germplasms (http://www.ziziphus.net/zzzy), which provided information observed from local areas about 700 germplasm accessions recorded in China Fruit Tree RecordsJujube. Moreover, fundamental, applied, developmental, and broad-scale visual research should be highly integrated. The trees are resistant to a great number of pests. and ZjCNGC2 mediated signalling cascades in response to cold stress. First, jujubes can satisfactorily meet the various needs of growers. At 7240 years ago, the domestication of jujube trees started1. PLoS ONE9, e109850 (2014). During the past 70 years, jujube research has greatly advanced. Fruit. Sci. Rep.7, 1025 (2017). In the past 20 years, postharvest treatment technology for Chinese jujube has made great progress. 41, 8285 (2005). Pap. The classification system for the Ziziphus genus was proposed based on field investigations, textual research on specimens and historical documents65. Mech.34, 2630 (2013). Exploration and practice of a next generation cultivation system for Chinese jujube characterized by labor- saving, safety, high-quality and high-profit. Until recently Chinese jujube was propagated primarily by root suckers. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips, Not logged in The historical and current research progress on jujubea superfruit for the future. & Jiang, K. Bionomics of a Polygus lucorum in jujube orchards. ), or Chinese date, is the most important species of Rhamnaceae, a large cosmopolitan family, and is one of the oldest cultivated fruit trees in the world. Jujube fruits are eaten fresh, dried, boiled, stewed, and baked and are used to flavour tea. A total of 963 jujube germplasms were analyzed by SSRs to construct the core collection and germplasm resource management database21. 2011(Zhang et al. The second is Germplasm Resources of Chinese Jujube10, which recorded 1033 accessions of jujube (Z. jujuba Mill. Ser. Analysis of reducing sugars, organic acids and minerals in 15 cultivars of jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) The rooting rate can reach as high as 95%96, but its cost and technical requirements are relatively higher than those of other propagation techniques. The use of Paliurus hemsleyanus Rehd. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). and wild jujube. & Liu, M. Callus induction and plant regeneration from anther walls in Ziziphus jujuba Mill. For instance, the formation and genetic mechanisms of the main economic traits of jujube and the interaction between jujube fruit development and environmental changes are still unclear, which restricts breeding efficiency improvements and innovation in cultivation techniques. Both the seeds and fruit have been used in traditional Chinese medicine for thousands of years to improve sleep quality, support the nervous system, and encourage healthy digestion. Planting Tips. It can blossom and even bear fruit in the same year as planting or grafting and can achieve high yields 35 years after the establishment of an orchard under a high-density planting system. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the articles Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material.
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