what is a group of bandits called

the so-called haiduks were men of the people who stood against the hegemony of foreign rulers and the exploitation of the poor by the nobility. Such tales romanticize bandits and ignore their ignoble deeds, such as robbing, terrorizing, and killing peasants. A group of swordsmen are called bandits. Stories about bandits should be treated as texts to be deconstructed. Banditry in places like southern Italy and Sicily became the subject of numerous inquiries as well as massive army intervention. Synonyms for Group Of Bandits (other words and phrases for Group Of Bandits). As Paul J. Vanderwood has shown, the marginalized rural poor fomented disorder, including bandit attacks, and profited from the resulting conflict. Retrieved April 27, 2023 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/banditry. Domination by the wealthy forced the rural masses to defend their interests through various means. Turpin's popular image entails many legends. [26], The career nor the identity of a bandit was permanent. The body had to be "prepared" retroactivelydisassembled and then reassembled in a grotesque parody of the original bodyto be offered back to the group who "made" it. These elite-bandit alliances helped keep local oligarchies in power and gave a degree of legitimacy to the outlaws. Archives europennes de Sociologie 24 (1988): 127145. [13] Xiangmazei (whistling arrow bandits) was a category of mounted bandits named after their practice of firing whistling arrows to alert their victims. It functions as a warning and a deterrence against further acts of violence. Europe, 1450 to 1789: Encyclopedia of the Early Modern World. Although they were supported by the local community whose yearnings for a prepolitical just world they embodied, they were usually betrayed. Thief The name Bandit is primarily a gender-neutral name of American origin that means Thief. A desire for profit motivated many gangs. Create a text document there and call it bandit (not bandit.ini not Bandit, it has to be bandit ). It is a specific form of arbitrary personal prepotency and agency with its own "aesthetic" and accompanying discourses, thriving on, and constituting itself through, a complex array of symbols. However, if youre in doubt, you can always stick with herd or group. In his Contrat social (social contract; 1762) the French philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau singled out the Corsicans in Europe as the one people fit to produce just laws. [38], Similarly, small groups of local bandits could also end up joining larger groups of rebels. Such definitions and redefinitions have created a vocabulary of justification, traces of which remained even at the end of the twentieth century. Between 1860 and 1870 more lives were lost during the Italian army's campaign in southern Italy against peasant brigandage than in the war of unification. Once saved and closed, head to the folder Skyrim is located in. Some estimates suggest that there are 1.4 billion insects for every single human on the planet. Violence worked to encourage individuals to "mind their own business." Blok, Anton. At other times banditry represented an economic alternative in a world of opportunity narrowly restricted by the elite. Indeed, the records sometimes confirm the image, insofar as it represents reality and not wishful thinking on the one side and social prejudices on the other. Most online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers. Literary romanticization of bandits was pronounced during the formation of nation-states and was often coupled with the desire of the urban literati to discover sources of opposition (often to foreign rule) in the countryside. Later Cartouche becomes a kind of Gallic Robin Hood. This extracurricular raiding and pillaging was indistinguishable from piracy as defined above. Banditry tended to emerge in remote, difficult-to-control mountainous areas containing large numbers of semimobile and state-resistant pastoralists. The Oxford English Dictionary defines the term paramilitary as ancillary to and similarly organized to military forces. Almost, Mafia All rights reserved. In addition to the highly developed economy of Beijing, the Region also contained numerous commercial cities; these cities not only attracted merchants but also bandits. In banditry, as in feuding, from which it in part derives, personalized violence is crucial and finely graded; the intensity of violence, however distasteful to a modern sensibility, suggests a form of control. Local commanders and constables were responsible for apprehending bandits, but the emperors often dispatched special censors to cope with rampant banditry. Davis, John, A. In sum, Latin American elites and masses both participated in banditry. Refer to each styles convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates. [CDATA[ The term cow puncher or "puncher" is more commonly used in the southwest. //]]>. The peak of Catalan banditry was during the reign of Philip III (15981621). Banditry employed a set of moral codes drawn and indistinguishable from kinship-based ideas of justice and retribution; hence a reaction against banditry was often impossible because it conflicted with the moral codes that regulated traditional society. Louis A. Prez, Jr., Lords of the Mountain: Social Banditry and Peasant Protest in Cuba, 18781918 (1989). Although there are examples of lone bandits, bandits tended to form into fluid bands, sometimes of up to twenty persons. Gonzlo G. Snchez and Donny Meertens, Bandoleros, gamonales y campesinos: El caso de la Violencia en Colombia (1983). had marks left on them. First, bandites d'honneur, heroes of the vendetta, exponents of personal honor on the periphery of society, are always presented on the horizon of the past, as traces of a nostalgic world that has been lost forever. Most of the historical sources on bandits are the words of army or police officers charged with ridding the countryside of such "sores" or "plagues" and are thus highly partial. Zugasti, de, J. El Bandolerismo Andaluz. Some people, possibly to prove they paid attention in history class, also throw around privateer. War increased dislocation and unrest in the countryside, further encouraging banditry. Following their restoration in 1815, the Neapolitan Bourbons, rulers of Sicily, attempted to abolish feudalism and enclose common holdings, sub, Serbs The New English Dictionary on Historical Principles (NED) defined "bandit" in 1885 as "one who is proscribed or outlawed; hence, a lawless desperate marauder, a brigand: usually applied to members of the organized gangs which infest the mountainous districts of Italy, Sicily, Spain, Greece, Iran, and Turkey". Popular models of suffering were available in the lives and tortures of saints, and imprisoned bandits could become like saints, especially when they repented. Gttingen, 1976. Ortalli, Gherardo, ed. If denied legitimate means of survival and participation, people will strike back violently at their oppressors. One example was Gao Yingxiang, who started as a mounted bandit in Shaanxi and later became an important rebel leader in late Ming. What is a person called who steals? Peasant stories about bandits exhibit what Erick D. Langer has termed "a selective memory." Through the destruction of animals or other property of the offender, or even the killing of some other person, a surrogate victim is created. //. "Banditry Clearly, bandits had an interest in encouraging the interpretation of their actions as personal and personalizing rather than political. [13] They had posed such serious threat that special police attention was given to them and failure to arrest them on time incurred severer punishment (further information on Ming justice system can be found in History of criminal justice). "The Peasant and the Brigand: Social Banditry Reconsidered." The state is therefore complicit in the construction and interpretation of banditry. Madrid, 1991. Previously bandits were seen as "barbarians" with whom one could coexist, inhabiting the same time, and whose criminality was predictable but religiously condemnable. The late medieval legend of Robin Hood, who robbed the rich, switched clothes with beggars, and helped the poor, was popular not only in England but also in the rest of Europe for hundreds of years. [27], Of course, the Ming government used a heavy hand to crack down on banditry. What does the name Bandit mean? Edited by John G. Persistiany and Julian Pitt-Rivers. Inevitably, state authorities viewed such violence as a sign of "barbarism" to be mercilessly extirpated, and as a moral weakness in the peasants who were duped by the bandits. In historical settings where these practices were common, the line between privateer and pirate was blurred. [18] In 1449, Mongolian soldiers in the service of Ming attacked and plundered Beijing area. Molfese, Franco. His adventurous life is the subject of many novels, poems, and even movies. banditry." In the nineteenth-century Mediterranean, banditry was particularly strong where pastoralists occupied an intermediate position between small-scale cultivators and large-scale proprietors, as in northern Greece, or where overseers and sharecroppers occupied that position, as in rural Sicily, but also where pastoralism was prominent in its own right, as in Sardinia and Corsica. But Latin American bandits have appeared in varied and complex guises. The Crossword Solver finds answers to classic crosswords and cryptic crossword puzzles. Most bandits in Corsica saw themselves as victims; they spoke about their "disgrace," "destiny," and "fate" (poveru disgraziatu). A beauteous gypsy by the name of Venus (Claudia Cardinale) sacrifices her own life to save Cartouche from harm. Danker, Uwe. Second, the land concentration that Prez considers a cause of banditry in fact came after many bandit gangs had emerged. As with mammals, birds come in all forms, leading to a delightfully poetic sampling of collective nouns, from convocations to murders. The owner would thus be forced to complete the bitter destruction of his own herd. [7] In his 1991 book Disorder under Heaven: Collective Violence in the Ming Dynasty, James W. Tong uses data from provincial and prefectural gazetteers of the Ming and the Qing Dynasties to analyze patterns of violence during the Ming Dynasty. Like Robin Hood's Band of Merry Men, Kil-tong's group of bandits. The Poetics of Manhood. Oxford, 1987. In Sicily the bandit Salvatore Giuliano's ambiguous notoriety in the post-1945 period, created partly through extensive press coverage, derived from his expression of regional Sicilian aspirations, despite the fact that he also massacred peasants. When elites denied them access to land or to a living wage, the rural masses struck back using legal and extralegal tactics, including banditry. . London, 2001. A Spanish attempt to drive away the buccaneers by exterminating the game animals on the islands backfired, leaving the buccaneers more dependent than ever on their raids of Spanish shipping. The use of privateers allowed states to project maritime power beyond the capabilities of their regular navies, but there were trade-offs. "Genuine" banditry always seems to have existed in the past, never in the present. Political banditry was evident in independence-era Cuba, early-twentieth-century Cajamarca, Peru, and the Colombian Violencia of 19451965, which left between 100,000 and 300,000 people dead. One 1485 official report revealed that local people, some probably working as fences (see Fences in Ming China), purchased stolen animals and goods from highway bandits at lower prices. Colorful memoirs by buccaneers such as William Dampier and Lionel Wafer influenced the depictions of pirates by the writers Daniel Defoe and Robert Louis Stevenson and thus were important sources for the modern pop culture image of the golden age of piracy. Like the contemporary "Bandit Queen" in India, Guiliano became the subject of novels and films. 4 Adam The Leper. These discourses are often metaphorically constructed, interpreted, and reinterpreted in various ways. William M. "Bill" Dalton, born in 1866, was an outlaw as well and mainly rode . Conflict and Control: Law and Order in Nineteenth-Century Italy. It gained momentum in the nineteenth century, and still persisted in twentieth-century historiography, when historians such as Carsten Kther interpreted preindustrial banditry as a counter-society. Pirate is the most general of the four terms. Many bandit groups plagued rural areas, but towns and cities could also be the haunt of the medieval gangster. Following Hobsbawm, bandit myths are generic expressions of hidden grassroots aspirations; following Blok, these myths are largely irrelevant to banditry's political functions in the class war. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Its meaning has changed across time and across disciplines. Few romanticized bandits actually lived the heroic, idealized lives attributed to them in popular culture or in Hobsbawm's social bandit model. [29] Ning Gao was one of the censors of 1509, and he employed gruesome means such as display of severed heads and body parts to kill off existing bandits and to intimidate potential ones. On both sides, the struggle was waged with both conventional navies and state-sanctioned sea bandits called corsairs. Other sources, such as ballads, popular accounts, and oral historyoften bypassed by traditional historians engaged in depicting the history of the nation-state as the progress of civilization over barbarismconcentrated on bandits' roles as popular heroes.

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