The fundamental issue involved two concepts. Formed alliances with other women's groups to get things done (Women's Trade Union LeagueWTUL). For Muir, nature was God, best preserved far from the degrading touch of man. For example, plan to stop at the Lucky Buck Cafe on your way to or from a day of exploring Yosemite. They wrote letters to each other regularly. Why did women's suffrage seem such a radical demand during progressive time? Even in the summer when Yosemite Valley is being explored by visitors from around the world, Hetch Hetchy remains an oasis of relative calm. All thirty-five questions pertain to the time period 1491 to 1945 (aka P1-P7), with questions 1-13. In contrast to the utilitarian view, the preservationist approach denied the assumption that the natural world existed solely to serve mans purposes. The gently rolling terrain has excellent views of the water and eye-catching Kolana Rock, which towers roughly 2,000 feet above. This can lead to algal blooms and decreased oxygen levels. Gifford Pinchot: A 2021 Lesson From Americas First Forester, Meet The Real Life Batman & Robin Of The National Parks, Natural Rivals: John Muir, Gifford Pinchot, and the Creation of Americas Public Lands, Gifford Pinchot and the Making of Modern Environmentalism, Son of the Wilderness: The Life of John Muir, 10 EPIC Things to Do at Pinnacles National Park (Expert Guide) 2023, 25 MUST-SEE California Landmarks (Expert Guide + Photos). The controversy over damming Hetch Hetchy became mired in the political issues of the day. Describe the founding of the NAACP. Was the largest single reform movement of the progressive. o Secret ballot Western states accused Cleveland of an imperialist land grab. Second, dams slow rivers. Government should regulate There are four fundamental ways in which dams damage rivers. The question Pinchot always asked was, What is the greatest good for the greatest number?, He was famously quoted as saying, Where conflicting interests must be reconciled, the question shall always be answered from the standpoint of the greatest good of the greatest number in the long run., RELATED: Gifford Pinchot: A 2021 Lesson From Americas First Forester, In his congressional testimony, Pinchot argued in favor of building the dam. Describe the different approaches to municipal reform. San Francisco applied once again for rights to Hetch Hetchy in 1908. o Led by Eugene Debs The trail to Wapama Falls is one of the most popular trails in the Hetch Hetchy area for a good reason. challenging the existing male-dominated order. Slow down and spend the day at Tenaya Lake a beautiful and easy-to-get-to alpine lake cupped by granite domes. What were the differing viewpoints of socialists regarding the economy? And today there is even an organization, Restore Hetch Hetchy, which is committed to doing just that. Building a dam there was off the table. In 1896, the National Academy of Sciences created a National Forest Commission, tasked with researching and reporting policy recommendations for the administration of Americas forests. There have been lawsuits over whether San Francisco violated the agreements of the Raker Act. The commission took a four-month tour of the American West, surveying and ultimately recommending that the government assume protection of more than 21 million acres of forest across 13 reserves. Garfield was responding to critics who believed that the federal governments primary responsibility was to use the nations public resources for development in the service for the greatest number of people. At the time, neither side understood the long-range consequences of human actions to manage the environment. In the foreground, the deep still water of Hetch Hetchy Reservoir reflects sunshine, clouds and the proud shadows of the surrounding mountains. Sign up for the email list and join an active community of monthly readers. Morgan not used to being told "no". No BS! o "Antimonopoly": fear of concentrated powerneed to limit and disperse authority and wealth. The first people, outside of Native Americans, to see the Hetch Hetchy Valley were Joseph, Nate and William Screechin 1850. There is plenty to see and do right here, from kayaking on the water to climbing the magnificent domes above. Put another way, if Congress denied the city of San Francisco the Hetch Hetchy Valley, the California Progressive leaders suspected that it would only be a matter of time before the emerging Pacific Gas and Electric Company would grab the area. Fourth, dams alter water quality. What are some of the issues clubs addressed? many other states. Who were the muckrakers? He had to then appease both the conservatives and progressives. Pinchot was Americas Forester. He served as the first head of the United States Forest Service. Others felt it was a threat to freedom. Finally, with the railroad complete, teams broke ground on the OShaughnessy Dam on August 1, 1919. Crusading journalists who began to direct public attention toward social, economic, and political On this trip were Gifford Pinchot, a young forester who would eventually become the first chief of the U.S. Forest Service, and John Muir, the most famous naturalist in American history. Who was Robert La Follette? Pinchot was a blue blood, a Puritan, a community-oriented insider. But during peak spring flow, the thundering waterfall can wash over the bridge making it dangerous to cross. He felt reform was a vehicle for protecting it against radical challenges. For Pinchot, nature was a resource that ought to be sustainably shared among the most people possible. o Some did not agree with a restriction on immigration: employers (immigrants = cheap labor), immigrants themselves, and their political representatives. conditions of the industrial workplace. Total Cards. o Referendum: provided a method by which actions of the legislature could be returned to the respond? Describe the controversy that destroyed Taft's popularity with reformers for good. o Banning campaign contributions by corporations Start by hiking across the OShaughnessy Dam then turn east along the shore of the reservoir. They suggest that draining the reservoir and turning Hetch Hetchy Valley into a tourist center similar to Yosemite Valley could be worth up to $178 million per year. An unhealthy environment could lead to ignorance, poverty and even criminality. History. Had to balance the Northern businessmen and reformers. How did this affect other professions? o Faith in knowledge: applying to society the principles of natural and social sciences. He was upset with Taft and felt he was the only one that could reunite the Republican Party. Yosemite Westgate Lodge offers newly-remodeled and well-appointed modern accommodation. For Muir, damming Hetch Hetchy was a blasphemy. Today the Hetch Hetchy Valley is under 300 feet of water and while we may no longer be able to see the valley as it once was, our view has merely been changed. . Secretary of the Interior, Ethan Allen Hitchcock, refused to give San Francisco a permit to build the dam. What was Wilson's first triumph as president? Explain the success of the child-labor laws supported by Wilson. People have died after being swept off the bridge and onto the rocks below. At a series of book talks, supported by Humanities Montana, Clayton has found that these conflicts still resonate deeply with audiences. As the demand for professional services increased, so did pressures for reform. The shares paid a dividend of $0.87\$ 0.87$0.87 per share during ownership. How did the following contribute to the reform effort? o Recall: gave voters the right to remove a public official from office at a special electioncould Unions: One freezing night on the commission trip, the two talked until midnight, huddled around a campfire on the south rim of the Grand Canyon. The bustling metropolis of Los Angeles could not have become the city it did without the water which flowed from the Owens Valley hundreds of miles away. Garfield had granted San Franciscos request, but Ballinger ordered the city to show cause as to why Hetch Hetchy should not be deleted from their grant. movement. The severity of the downturn was such that it prompted the United States Congress to form the Federal Reserve System. Hetch Hetchy ushered in a new era for the national parks. manager or engineerto take charge of the city government The walls of both are of gray granite, rise abruptly out of the flowery grass and groves are sculptured in the same style, and in both every rock is a glacial monument., (Source: Journal of Sierra Nevada History & Biography, Hetch-Hetchy, Natural History Before The Dam, Joe Medeiros), In defense of Hetch Hetchy, Muir crafted some of his most famous prose. Residents from San Francisco, however, wanted to use the territory to get water for their growing population. First, they block rivers which prevents fish from migrating. First mass organization among women devoted to social reform. In the 21st century, Ken Brower, son of the renown environmentalist David Brower, wrote a fascinating account of the failed campaign to save Hetch Hetchy and the modern effort to Reverse an American Mistake, complete with speculation about how the rebirth of a wild valley might evolve. What was the Hetch-Hetchy controversy? San Francisco assumed from the outset that there would not be significant opposition to using the Hetch Hetchy Valley, even if it was in a national park, for the high and noble purpose of providing water to one of the nations great and growing metropolises, so their efforts in Washington, DC, were conducted discreetly. What one Secretary of the Interior giveth, another taketh away. He said, So we come now face to face with the perfectly clean question of what is the best use to which this water that flows out of the Sierras can be put. The story of these two icons of American environmentalism is told in John Claytons bookNatural Rivals: John Muir, Gifford Pinchot, and the Creation of Americas Public Lands, published last August. Pinchot argued that applying the principle of the greatest good for the greatest number, meant the benefits accrued to the people of San Francisco from having the dam far outweighed leaving the valley in its current state. Other reforms (by some states): But Hetch Hetchy was a federally protected as part of Yosemite National Park. o Many had been trapped inside the burning building because management had locked the o Laws passed restricting lobbying by business interests in state legislatures. o 1911, Triangle Shirtwaist Company in New York destroyed by a terrible fire. had the right to be expanded. Photo: Kim Lawson. o Settlement houses High temperatures prevail in summer months, but its a small price to pay for the reward of vast wilderness filled with stunning peaks, hidden canyons, and remote lakes. The naturalists and advocates of the dam argued for years and eventually after WWI, the dam was approved and constructed. Hetch Hetchy Valley is a treasure worth visiting. More Than Just Parks | National Parks Guides. What were the different progressive opinions regarding immigration? Money became extremely tight. It became a powerful movement within American Protestantism. should be ended altogether. Created. On the one hand, Hetch Hetchy Reservoir is an incontrovertible stain on the map of American environmentalism. If you want to follow the old railroad line today, the Hetch Hetchy Road and most of the Mather Road were built on the old railroad bed and are beautiful scenic drives as well. This, a system joining preservation with conservation, was the result of his alliance with Pinchot. Du Bois: had never known slavery. o Disputes over waterrivers and streams that crossed state lineswho controlled? Muir was an immigrant, an evangelist, an individualistic outsider. Next to John Muir, the most vocal defender of the Hetch Hetchy Valley was Harriet Monroe. It limited the ability of individuals to control their own destinies. The battle for Hetch Hetchy wasnt just conservationists vs preservationists. held a strong commitment to improved racial justice. Due to Union pressures, other similar laws were passed in But if you still have energy, continue past the bridge to Rancheria Falls. Is your answer 5: 1297089180: initiative: A progressive reform measure allowing voters to petition to have a law placed on the general ballot. "Social justice" a kind of justice that goes beyond the individual, seeking justice for society as a whole. Why did many progressives want to eliminate alcohol from American life? Like Muir, she felt the beauty of the valley was a national treasure which ought to be preserved. The Social Gospel was a Movement led by Washington Gladden - taught religion and human dignity would help the middle class overcome problems of industrialization. Franklin Lane served as the attorney for the city of San Francisco in 1903. o Some argued that immigration should be restricted by nationalitythe "new immigrants" were less apt to assimilate. Be specific. directly to the voters in general elections. Morgan organized a team of bank and trust executives. Submit your nominations for the 2024 NEH Jefferson Lecturer, NEH Jefferson Lecture in the Humanities nominations. Answer (a), (b), and (c). 46. It was one of the central institutions of the urban machine. These opposing views might have made the two men natural enemies. In his political program known as "New Freedom," Woodrow Wilson believed trusts o Moved mayoral elections to years when no presidential or congressional races were being held. Congress would decide the fate of the Hetchy Hetchy Valley. Some argued that women had the same "natural rights" -women deserved the same rights as Appealed to workers, farmers and some middle-class Americans. Democrats suffered many losses in congress. But many residents of San Francisco worried about finding enough water to serve their growing Population, saw the valley as an ideal place for a reservoir. He took the White House after McKinley's assassination. The election offered voters several choices: Wilson's New Freedom, Taft's conservatism, Roosevelt's progressivism, or the Socialist Party Policies of Eugene B. Debs. The Hetch Hetchy Controversy, 1903-13 Additional Resources in the Library of Congress The Library of Congress's General Collections include many materials related to the Hetch Hetchy controversy: books, pamphlets, and government documents. It carried workers and materials for the dam, as well as tourists, postage and other amenities. Christina Dejong, Christopher E. Smith, George F Cole, Government in America: Elections and Updates Edition, George C. Edwards III, Martin P. Wattenberg, Robert L. Lineberry. Its a a wonderful place to see spring waterfalls and wildflower displays. This 1910 view shows Kolana Rock and Tueeulala Falls in the background. Theodore Roosevelt led the fight in favor of building a dam at Hetch Hetchy. They needed to find a way to increase the power of the electorate and decrease the power of the bosscontrolled legislatures. The San Francisco Bulletin printed a Dec. 1, 1913, story calling the bills opponents a crowd ofnature lovers and fakers, who are waging a sentimental campaign to preserve the Hetch Hetchy Valley as a public playground, a purpose for which it has never been used.. Many progressives considered the elimination of alcohol from American life a necessary step in restoring order to society. While youre at it, plan to add to the historic flavor of this route with a stop the Northern Mariposa County History Center. Suffrage movement gained momentum when states began extending suffrage to women. fight of progressivists against corporations to preserve Hetch Hetchy Dam as a nationaly wilderness park: Term. Richard Ballinger was appointed his Interior Secretary. Chapter 28 Apush. To do so, it would either have to buy out the private monopoly at an exorbitant price or outmaneuver or outbid Spring Valley for a potential new reservoir., (Source: Natural Rivals: John Muir, Gifford Pinchot, and the Creation of Americas Public Lands, John Clayton). The trail continues to climb for 1.8 miles (2.8 km) above the trail intersection, but you can turn around any time. They respected each other, and acknowledged their shared appreciation for the natural world. San Francisco could flood the valley and work began the following year. John Muir ( / mjr / MURE; April 21, 1838 - December 24, 1914), [1] also known as "John of the Mountains" and "Father of the National Parks ", [2] [3] was an influential Scottish-American [4] [5] : 42 naturalist, author, environmental philosopher, botanist, zoologist, glaciologist, and early advocate for the preservation of wilderness in . What was the panic of 1907? Pinchot also worked with the National Conservation Commission in 1910. Hetch Hetchy controversy Panic of 1907 William Howard Taft's presidency Children's Bureau New Nationalism election of 1912 The Progressive Party Woodrow Wilson's presidency New Freedom Federal Reserve act Keatings-Owen act "Big Stick" Diplomacy Open Door Policy Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine Platt amendment Panam Canal Since December 19, 1913, when the Raker Act was signed by President Wilson, there has been a lamentation on the loss of Hetch Hetchy Valley. Roosevelt: Dam the Hetch Hetchy! Why did voter turnout decline in the early twentieth century? But it was later struck down by the court. John Muir devoted the last years of his life to opposing a dam at Hetch Hetchy.` Triangle Shirtwaist fire: Union Labor Party(California) passed a child labor law, a workmen's compensation law, and the limitation on working hours for women. Triangle Shirtwaist Company fire Montana In the 1890s, America faced an environmentalcrisis. Roosevelt's conservation deal meant working with the big logging companies, not the small, independent ones. it to the people. As we learned from Rachel Carsons Silent Spring, humankind can damage the environment while attempting to control it. Even a short stroll from the car gives a magnificent view of the Hetch Hetchy Reservoir from the OShaughnessy Dam. C. Funding for public education was highest in rural areas. Called for arbitration between the groups. How was it alleviated? The chief replied, There is no valley. Suffrage would be a threat to the "natural order" of civilization. Roosevelt and his followers left the convention and the party. What impact did it have on the temperance movement? Direct Primary: Hull House Settlement home designed as a welfare agency for needy families. demands of the groups. Some hydro-power dams withhold and then release water to generate power for peak demand periods, which is particularly disruptive to migrating fish. Aldo Leopold's visionary thinking still guides today's environmental stewards. An advantage which Phelan, Pinchot and other supporters of the dam project enjoyed was a divided opposition. In 1908, Theodore Roosevelts Department of the Interior granted San Francisco the authority to dam the Tuolumne River in Hetch Hetchy Valley for use as a reservoir. o Strongest in urban immigrant communities and Protestant farmers in the South and Midwest Instead, it was a more complicated battle which pitted public interests against private interests. T he APUSH practice exam appearing below consists of thirty-five multiple-choice questions. Richard Ballinger was a conservative who was one of the main characters who was responsible for the progressive-conservative split in the GOP in 1912 (leading to the creation of the Bull Moose party), which is the factor that determined the GOP would be on the right side of the political spectrum (and therefore ensuring the Democrats would be on the left side of the spectrum). Some argued that an Equal Rights Amendment should also be passed, but this got little attention. He wrote, I have always called it the Tuolumne Yosemite, for it is a wonderfully exact counterpart of the great Yosemite, not only in its crystal river and sublime rocks and waterfalls, but in the gardens, groves, and meadows of its flowery park-like floor. What was the WTUL? Hetch Hetchy represented the first great environmental controversy in the US, [10] and debate over the dam and reservoir continues today. Rancheria Falls itself is a series of whitewater cascades that crashes through a narrow canyon on its way to the reservoir. But what about when the lake dries? o One of the few labor organizations of the time to champion the cause of unskilled workers How to The Tuolumne River continues through Tuolumne Meadows and the associated park developments at an elevation of 8,600 feet. Should natural resources be used to serve the greatest good for the greatest number? They poured an estimated total of more than 398,000 cubic yards (304,000 cubic meters) of concrete to form the dam. In: Educational Resources, History, National Parks, Your email address will not be published. In the late nineteenth century, American Populism. o Children beginning school at an earlier age, spending more time there While John Muir led the fight against building the dam, the opposition was supported by Gifford Pinchot. By February 1908, confidence in the economy was restored. The Panic of 1907 was a relatively serious economic downturn in the United States caused by a New York credit crunch that spread across the nation and led to the closings of banks and businesses. His popularity continued to increase and many felt he would go against tradition and run for a third term. had more authority in the west then the state and municipal governments. Hetch Hetchy was the first major battle of the environmental movement. A. adopted several, but not all, major Populist issues. As Clayton writes, the 1897 act and MuirsAtlanticandHarperspieces are as much a climax to the Muir-Pinchot story as Hetch Hetchy. John Muir knew that without public support, the Hetch Hetchy Valley would be lost. Progressives differed on their approach. Use good judgment and stay safe. The first targets were trusts (particularly the railroad). o They supported pacifism and labor organizing C. favored the direct election of United States senators. o Social work Once again, the political pendulum would swing. o Rancher in the Dakota Badlands; he helped capture outlaws Located at 3,900 feet, it boasts one of the longest hiking seasons in the park. According to a local legend, Nate spotted a valley to the east that was too far to visit. Preservationist groups such as the Sierra Club lobby for the restoration of the valley, while others argue that leaving the dam in place would be the better economic and environmental decision. And if youre an engineer or a manager, or if youre interested in fairness or democratic processes, youre probably a Pinchot person. And yet, for Clayton, these differences deepen the story of the two mens cooperation as much as their rivalry. Reformers viewed state legislatures as corruptincompetent, corrupt, controlled by party bosses. In the first years of the twentieth century, how did the suffrage movement gain strength? Instead, the magnificence of a valley often described as Yosemite Valleys slightly smaller twin takes center stage. Slow-moving reservoirs heat up, resulting in abnormal temperature fluctuations which can affect sensitive species. Why did many progressives look towards reforming state governments? You might as well deface the worlds great cathedrals, he said, for no holier temple has ever been consecrated by the heart of man. The issue was decided in December 1913, when Woodrow Wilson signed the Raker Bill into law, authorizing the dams construction. Youll just need to see them for yourself. Although Hetch Hetchy is included within the boundaries of Yosemite National Park, the entrance is separate from the rest of the park. Hetch Hetchy is on the main stem of the Tuolumne River and is part of the Tuolumne watershed. o Initiative: allowed reformers to circumvent state legislatures by submitting new legislation He discovered it a few of years later. . He read the book written by Upton SinclairThe JungleRoosevelt pushed for passage of the Meat Inspection Act. It is the single largest women's organization in American history to this point. As well dam for water tanks the peoples cathedrals and churches, for no holier temple has ever been consecrated by the heart of man.'. He would sign what is known as the 1897 Organic Act into law. They also argued that it would help the temperance movementgiving the largest group of supporters a political voice. In the mountainous West, land set aside for homesteading sat unclaimed, too distant and treacherous for prospective farmers, and entirely unprotected by the government. The exploitation of Californias natural resources continued unabated in the years leading up to Hetch Hetchy. What caused a division between the president and the conservative wing of his party? In national parks, preservation reigns king, the natural world kept, as best it can be, in its natural state. As it debated this legislation, Congress negotiated the fate of a federally protected valley located in Yosemite National Park-asking should the dam be built or the valley preserved? On U.S. Forest Service land, the interests of mining and lumber companies are balanced with the recreational pursuits of hunters, snowmobilers, and cross-country skiers.
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