pope john paul when shot mary holding him

But like a candle in the White House window, Ronald Reagan and John Paul II and the people of Poland kept a flicker of hope alive. Following a ceremony on 2 April 2007the second anniversary of the Pontiff's deaththe cause proceeded to the scrutiny of the committee of lay, clerical, and episcopal members of the Vatican's Congregation for the Causes of Saints, to conduct a separate investigation. [292] [41] His elder sister Olga had died before his birth, but he was close to his brother Edmund, nicknamed Mundek, who was 13 years his senior. [114] He was the first reigning pope to travel to the United Kingdom, in 1982, where he met Queen ElizabethII, the Supreme Governor of the Church of England. For other uses, see, Bishops consecrated by Pope John Paul II as principal consecrator, Painting of Saint John Paul II painted by Zbigniew Kotyo, 2012, Participation in Vatican II and subsequent events, Role as spiritual inspiration and catalyst, Communist attempt to compromise John Paul II, Relations with other Christian denominations. Wojtya adopted the name of his predecessor in tribute to him. John Paul II wrote extensively about workers and the social doctrine of the church, which he discussed in three encyclicals: Laborem exercens, Sollicitudo rei socialis, and Centesimus annus. He squeezed the trigger four times. The Crown Publishing Group. [204] At the centre of the bank's failure was its chairman, Roberto Calvi, and his membership in the illegal Masonic Lodge Propaganda Due (aka P2). Likewise criticised was his kissing of the Qur'an in Damascus, Syria, on one of his travels on 6 May 2001. Mary, my mother; Mary, my mother. Bodyguards hold Pope John Paul II after he was shot May 13, 1981, in St. Peters Square by Turkish gunman Mehmet Ali Agca. John Paul II died in his private apartment at 21:37 CEST (19:37 UTC) of heart failure from profound hypotension and complete circulatory collapse from septic shock. As they waited longer still, the Polish Pontiff at last began to move assuredly along in his white Fiat popemobile, waving to the excited gathering, grabbing hands and giving kisses, lifting children in his arms. [242][243] As Archbishop of Krakw, long before the 14th Dalai Lama was a world-famous figure, Wojtya held special Masses to pray for the Tibetan people's non-violent struggle for freedom from Maoist China. Copyright 2017-2023 Dicasterium pro Communicatione - All rights reserved. WebThe most significant act regarding Marian devotion of Pius XII was the worlds consecration to the Immaculate Heart of Mary on October 31, 1942. [409][413][414], A number of quotes about the apparitions of Meugorje, in Bosnia and Herzegovina, have been attributed to John Paul II. Antonov, according to the plan, would whisk away the assassins to a large delivery truck concealed as a Bulgarian household-goods company. "[140] In 2000, he publicly endorsed the Jubilee 2000 campaign on African debt relief fronted by Irish rock stars Bob Geldof and Bono, once famously interrupting a U2 recording session by telephoning the studio and asking to speak to Bono.[141]. The day before his death, one of his closest personal friends, Anna-Teresa Tymieniecka visited him at his bedside. [226], In 1980, John Paul II issued a Pastoral Provision allowing married former Episcopal priests to become Catholic priests, and for the acceptance of former Episcopal Church parishes into the Catholic Church. WebOn 13 May 1981, in St. Peter's Square in Vatican City, Pope John Paul II was shot and wounded by Mehmet Ali Aca while he was entering the square. [112] While some of his journeys (such as to the United States and the Holy Land) were to places previously visited by Pope Paul VI, John Paul II became the first pope to visit the White House in October 1979, where he was greeted warmly by President Jimmy Carter. I am speaking to you in yourno, our Italian language. When this happens, the ideal of priestly service and self-giving dedication can fade, leaving the priest dissatisfied and disheartened. "[168], In 1995, the Mafia bombed two historical churches in Rome. [398][unreliable source?] [144] After John Paul II's death, both Nelson Mandela and Archbishop Desmond Tutu praised the pope for defending human rights and condemning economic injustice.[145]. John Paul II ordered an investigation, which stalled when three of the four bishops tasked with investigating claims allegedly brought back "inaccurate or incomplete information". He told them to be good, not to compromise themselves, to stick by one another, to be fearless, and that God is the only source of goodness, the only standard of conduct. "Thomistic Personalism." The impression left by these events is so strong that even many years later we can remember perfectly where we were and what we were doing when the news of what happened reached us. Relations between Catholicism and Judaism improved dramatically during the pontificate of John Paul II. However, a chemical fire inadvertently started by the cell alerted police to their whereabouts, and all were arrested a week before the pope's visit, and confessed to the plot. On July 18, 1981, the then-prefect for the congregation, Cardinal Franjo eper, grabbed two envelopes a white one containing Sister Lcias original Portuguese text and an orange one with an Italian translation. [53] In October 1942, while World War II continued, he knocked on the door of the Bishop's Palace, Krakw, and asked to study for the priesthood. Dr. Antonio Schlesinger Piedrahita, a renowned neurologist in Colombia, certified Fidel's healing. John Paul II would later confide that it was precisely to the Blessed Mother's intervention that he attributed his survival. He was in Haiti and Duvalier was out. The Great Jubilee of the year 2000 included a day of Prayer for Forgiveness of the Sins of the Church on 12 March 2000. "[125], On later trips to Poland, he gave tacit support to the Solidarity organisation. On April 2, 1980, Andy Warhol met Pope John Paul II in St. Peters Square. John Paul was in the first bloom of his pontificate, and his image as a young, strong, independent-minded world citizen had been burnished by a visit to New York the previous fall. Warhol was hoping to cap a series of silk-screen celebrity portraits with the Polish pontiff. [165][166][162] During that visit Ernesto Cardenal, a priest and minister in the Sandinista government, knelt to kiss his hand. He was in the Philippines and Marcos was out. [247][citation needed][unreliable source? [199] Since Stroessner's taking power through a coup d'tat in 1954, Paraguay's bishops increasingly criticised the regime for human rights abuses, rigged elections, and the country's feudal economy. Struck with two bullets, Others knelt down in prayer, some using the rosaries they had brought for the Pope to bless. Thus, the numbers on the clock were in perfect harmony with the numbers on the calendar, which, again, was 5/13, the feast day of Our Lady of Fatima. "[152], The Polish pope compared Poland's entry into the EU to the Union of Lublin, which was signed in 1569 and united the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania into one nation and created an elective monarchy. [363][366] In 2008, the church asserted that the scandal was a very serious problem and estimated that it was "probably caused by 'no more than 1 per cent'", or 5,000, of the over 500,000 Catholic priests worldwide.[367][368]. In the stormy history of relations between Roman popes and Jews in the ghetto in which they were closed for over three centuries in humiliating circumstances, John Paul II is a bright figure in his uniqueness. [350][351][353], On 4 July 2013, Pope Francis confirmed his approval of John Paul II's canonisation, formally recognising the second miracle attributed to his intercession. In 1958, when Wojtya was named auxiliary bishop of Krakw, his acquaintances expressed concern that this would cause him to change. There that day was a Muslim Turk named Mehmet Ali Agca. For many years, John Paul II sought to facilitate dialogue and unity stating as early as 1988 in Euntes in mundum, "Europe has two lungs, it will never breathe easily until it uses both of them. [44] School football games were often organised between teams of Jews and Catholics, and Wojtya often played on the Jewish side. [271] Mining mostly East German and Polish secret police archives, Koehler claimed the assassination attempts were "KGB-backed". [136] While he was visiting the United States in 1977, the year before becoming pope, Wojtya said: "All human life, from the moments of conception and through all subsequent stages, is sacred. From there, the ambulance headed straight for Gemelli Hospital, the teaching hospital of the Catholic University of the Sacred Heart. The crime would still wait another couple of hours. The regime cowered. He began with an enormous advantage, and exploited it to the utmost: He headed the one institution that stood for the polar opposite of the Communist way of life that the Polish people hated. [256] The assassin used a Browning 9mm semi-automatic pistol,[257] shooting the pope in the abdomen and perforating his colon and small intestine multiple times. The pope's opposition to the Iraq War led to him being a candidate to win the 2003 Nobel Peace Prize, which was ultimately awarded to Iranian attorney/judge and noted human rights advocate Shirin Ebadi. John Paul II's body is located near the bodies of Pope Pius X and Pope John XXIII, whose bodies were reinterred in the Basilica after their own beatifications and together are three of the five popes beatified in the last century. She responded, "No, I never fell in love with the cardinal. Ambrosiano also provided funds for political parties in Italy, and for both the Somoza dictatorship in Nicaragua and its Sandinista opposition. [38][68][99], The second conclave of 1978 started on 14 October, ten days after the funeral. [39][40][52] Reflecting on these times of his life, nearly forty years later he said: "I was not at my mother's death, I was not at my brother's death, I was not at my father's death. [266][267][268] The assailant, a traditionalist Catholic Spanish priest named Juan Mara Fernndez y Krohn,[266] had been ordained as a priest by Archbishop Marcel Lefebvre of the Society of St. Pius X and was opposed to the changes made by the Second Vatican Council, saying that the pope was an agent of Communist Moscow and of the Marxist Eastern Bloc. Stanisaw Dziwisz later said that John Paul II had been injured during the attempt but managed to hide a non-life-threatening wound. John Paul II survived on May 13, 1981, to join with other forces to help take down an evil empire. Visiting his native Poland in 1979, Pope John Paul II struck what turned out to be a mortal blow to its Communist regime, to the Soviet Empire, [and] ultimately to Communism. In March 2000, John PaulII visited Yad Vashem, the national Holocaust memorial in Israel, and later made history by touching one of the holiest sites in Judaism, the Western Wall in Jerusalem,[121] placing a letter inside it (in which he prayed for forgiveness for the actions against Jews). [95] They corresponded over the years, and grew to be good friends. Witness to Hope: The Biography of Pope John Paul II (p. 44). In 1979, John Paul II visited the Auschwitz concentration camp in Poland, where many of his compatriots (mostly Jews) had perished during the German occupation there in World War II, the first pope to do so. [206] Relations between Reagan and John Paul II were close, especially because of their shared anti-communism and keen interest in forcing the Soviets out of Poland. [120][121] In September 2001, amid post-11 September concerns, he travelled to Kazakhstan, with an audience largely consisting of Muslims, and to Armenia, to participate in the celebration of 1,700years of Armenian Christianity. For instance, he hugged and kissed Carmen Gloria Quintana, a young student who had been nearly burned to death by Chilean police and told her that "We must pray for peace and justice in Chile. You can see Mother Mary holding John Paul II in Her arms when he was shot in 1981. "[124], "When Pope John Paul II kissed the ground at the Warsaw airport he began the process by which Communism in Poland and ultimately elsewhere in Europe would come to an end. Berger's biological Jewish parents were killed in the Holocaust, and after the war Berger's new Christian parents asked Karol Wojtya to baptise the boy. "[326][329], On 28 May 2006, Pope Benedict XVI celebrated Mass before an estimated 900,000 people in John Paul II's native Poland. . Not in East Germany or Czechoslovakia. In March 1949, Wojtya was transferred to the parish of Saint Florian in Krakw. He maintained the church's previous positions on such matters as abortion, artificial contraception, the ordination of women, and a celibate clergy, and although he supported the reforms of the Second Vatican Council, he was seen as generally conservative in their interpretation. POPE JOHN PAUL II. [96][423] In February 2016, the BBC documentary program Panorama reported that John Paul II had apparently had a close relationship with the Polish-born philosopher. It is the same fraternity that Pope Francis today shows us to be the only way forward for the future of humanity. Giovanni Colombo, the Archbishop of Milan, was considered as a compromise candidate among the Italian cardinal-electors, but when he started to receive votes, he announced that, if elected, he would decline to accept the papacy. Although Stroessner tried to prevent him from doing so, John Paul II met opposition leaders in the one-party state. And John Paul II was convinced that the protective hand of the Blessed Mother had intervened again. After circling the square, the Holy Father headed toward his pontifical chair in an open popemobile. While some conservative, Catholic politicians in Poland opposed EU membership, John Paul II said: "I know that there are many in opposition to integration. They also hoped that if the pope abided by the rules they set, the Polish people would see his example and follow them as well. [38][278][324] This decision was announced on 13 May 2005, the Feast of Our Lady of Ftima and the 24th anniversary of the assassination attempt on John Paul II at St. Peter's Square. John Paul II was interred in the grottoes under the basilica, the Tomb of the Popes. [407][409][410][411][412] The pope continued with his address after Paisley had been ejected. The president read the citation that accompanied the medal, which recognised "this son of Poland" whose "principled stand for peace and freedom has inspired millions and helped to topple communism and tyranny". This was taken as an indication by the pope, and those close to him, that he was nearing death; it would have been in accordance with his wishes to die in the Vatican. [63] In April 2005, shortly after John Paul II's death, the Israeli government created a commission to honour the legacy of John Paul II. His vehicle passed the ancient obelisk in the center of St. Peters Square, where Peter himself two millennia earlier would have passed on his way to his martyrdom at the hands of the enemies of the Church. [256][263] However, his secretary, Cardinal Stanisaw Dziwisz, alleged in his book A Life with Karol, that the pope was convinced privately that the former Soviet Union was behind the attack. "[217] The two leaders then said the Lord's Prayer together, breaking an Orthodox taboo against praying with Catholics. The time on the clock, according to John Paul II biographer George Weigel, was 5:13pm. John Paul II, John XXIII added to universal calendar", "Vatican declares Popes John Paul II and John XXIII saints", "Hundreds flock to US shrine to celebrate first feast of St John Paul II", "John Paul the Great Academy Lafayette, LA", "Two Cheers for Democracy from St. John Paul the Great: Rhonheimer, Kraynak, and the Unfinished Agenda of Dignitatis Humanae", "Poland: John Paul II abuse cover-up claims divide a nation", "Kontrowersje wok Jana Pawa II. Head of the Catholic Church from 1978 to 2005, "JPII" and "Karol Wojtyla" redirect here. He wrote: " it would be helpful to recall the animist religions which stress ancestor worship. On 18 October 1990, when promulgating the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches, John Paul II stated, By the publication of this Code, the canonical ordering of the whole Church is thus at length completed, following as it doesthe "Apostolic Constitution on the Roman Curia" of 1988, which is added to both Codes as the primary instrument of the Roman Pontiff for 'the communion that binds together, as it were, the whole Church'[179]. 1 to the communist empire, apparently had a hunch. This beloved nickname stayed with Wojtya for his entire life and continues to be affectionately used, particularly by the Polish people.[84][85]. [402], John Paul II endorsed Cardinal Pio Laghi, who critics say supported the Dirty War in Argentina and was on friendly terms with the Argentine generals of the military dictatorship, playing regular tennis matches with the Navy's representative in the junta, Admiral Emilio Eduardo Massera. As someone observed at the time, the Pope wished to save the life of the one who wanted to strip it from him. "Public Diplomacy and the Lessons of the Soviet Collapse". He said that John Paul II was "often misled", as in the case of Hans Hermann Gror. [229][230], On 30 December 1993, John PaulII established formal diplomatic relations between the Holy See and the State of Israel, acknowledging its centrality in Jewish life and faith.[229]. [82] He focused on creating original literary work during his first dozen years as a priest. It was another of the crimes to come foretold at Fatima. In the book, as quoted by Reuters, he wrote: "It is legitimate and necessary to ask oneself if this is not perhaps part of a new ideology of evil, more subtle and hidden, perhaps, intent upon exploiting human rights themselves against man and against the family. The panel of experts overwhelmingly opposed implementation of policies of "zero-tolerance" such as was proposed by the US Conference of Catholic Bishops. [105][109][123][126][127], As an extension of his successful work with youth as a young priest, John Paul II pioneered the international World Youth Days. [148], In 2002, John Paul II again travelled to Guatemala. [62] He did everything he could to ensure that Berger leave Poland to be raised by his Jewish relatives in the United States. [393] In 1988, the controversial traditionalist Archbishop Marcel Lefebvre, founder of the Society of St. Pius X (1970), was excommunicated under John Paul II because of the unapproved ordination of four bishops, which Cardinal Ratzinger called a "schismatic act". In his At the beginning of the new millennium (Novo Millennio Ineunte), he emphasised the importance of "starting afresh from Christ": "No, we shall not be saved by a formula but by a Person." They handed the Turks two packages, one with a 9mm Browning handgun and the other with a diversion bomb to scatter the crowd after the shooting. Newsweek (19 November 1979): 144,147. SCRIPTURES & ART: Todays Gospel speaks of how the sheep should act, but its also an important lesson for shepherds, Be who God meant you to be, said St. Catherine, and you will set the world on fire., While the common priesthood of the faithful is exercised by the unfolding of baptismal grace a life of faith, hope, and charity, a life according to the Spirit the ministerial priesthood is at the service of the common priesthood. (Catechism 1547). [278][296][297][298] (See: List of Dignitaries.) [188], During his visit to Chile in 1987, John Paul II asked Chile's 31 Catholic bishops to campaign for free elections in the country. John Paul II promulgated the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches (CCEO) on 18 October 1990, by the document Sacri Canones. On the morning of May 13, Agca and his collaborators drove to the Vatican. When Crucitti got inside the hospital, he was pleasantly surprised to find that some unknown genius (as he put it) had opened the doors of every elevator in the frenetic hospital, awaiting his choice for a fast journey to the ninth floor. There was a defensive mentality. print and digital media outlets, dedicated to reporting the truth in light of the Gospel and the He visited the Umayyad Mosque, a former Christian church where John the Baptist is believed to be interred,[119] where he made a speech calling for Muslims, Christians and Jews to live together. You are our dearly beloved brothers, and in a certain way, it could be said that you are our elder brothers. [116], He travelled to Haiti in 1983, where he spoke in Creole to thousands of impoverished Catholics gathered to greet him at the airport. [258] Surgeons performed a colostomy, temporarily rerouting the upper part of the large intestine to let the damaged lower part heal. [101] Cardinal Franz Knig, Archbishop of Vienna, suggested Wojtya as another compromise candidate to his fellow electors. [citation needed], In his apostolic pilgrimage to Norway, Iceland, Finland, Denmark and Sweden of June 1989,[225] John Paul II became the first pope to visit countries with Lutheran majorities. The only modern pope with a fitness regimen had been Pope Pius XI (19221939), who was an avid mountaineer. Modern society has the means of protecting itself, without definitively denying criminals the chance to reform. He arrived at Niegowi at harvest time, where his first action was to kneel and kiss the ground. [175] In his book Memory and Identity, he referred to the "strong pressures" by the European Parliament to recognise homosexual unions as an alternative type of family, with the right to adopt children. [204][278][318][320][327][328] As of May2008[update], Sister Marie-Simon-Pierre, then 46,[318][320] was working again at a maternity hospital run by her religious institute. Although the contact between the Holy See and many Christians of the East had never totally ceased, communion had been interrupted since ancient times. Forty years ago the shocking assassination attempt on the life of John Paul II took place in Saint Peter's Square. A single shooter had shot him, but something told him the shooter wasnt acting alone. [94][424] The Vatican described the documentary as "more smoke than fire", and Tymieniecka denied being involved with John Paul II. Tenzin Gyatso, the 14th Dalai Lama, visited John PaulII eight times. [109][255][260] He said: "Could I forget that the event in St. Peter's Square took place on the day and at the hour when the first appearance of the Mother of Christ to the poor little peasants has been remembered for over sixty years at Ftima, Portugal? [269] Fernndez y Krohn subsequently left the priesthood and served three years of a six-year sentence. John Paul II continued to declare that contraception, abortion, and homosexual acts were gravely sinful, and, along with Joseph Ratzinger (future Pope Benedict XVI), opposed liberation theology. There had been rumors that the new pope wished to be known as Pope Stanislaus in honor of the Polish saint of the name, but was convinced by the cardinals that it was not a Roman name. Very quickly, on that afternoon of May 13, prayers radiated rapidly in concentric circles from the Vatican and embraced the entire world. While in Britain he also visited Canterbury Cathedral and knelt in prayer with Robert Runcie, the Archbishop of Canterbury, at the spot where Thomas Becket had been killed,[115] as well as holding several large-scale open air masses, including one at Wembley Stadium, which was attended by some 80,000 people. John Paul II was widely criticised for a variety of his views. [] It was only when the Boston scandal broke that the church began to look at the problem." Law had previously resigned as archbishop of Boston in 2002 in response to the Catholic Church sexual abuse cases after church documents were revealed that suggested he had covered up sexual abuse committed by priests in his archdiocese. [264] It was later discovered that many of John Paul II's aides had foreign-government attachments;[265] Bulgaria and Russia disputed the Italian commission's conclusions, pointing out that the pope had publicly denied the Bulgarian connection. [248][249][250][251], John PaulII oversaw the publication of the Catechism of the Catholic Church, which makes a special provision for Muslims; therein, it is written, "together with us they adore the one, merciful God, mankind's judge on the last day. One of Gemellis three chief surgeons, Dr. Francesco Crucitti, had been across town at another hospital when he heard the news. The three popes who today commonly are known as "Great" are Leo I, who reigned from 440461 and persuaded Attila the Hun to withdraw from Rome; Gregory I, 590604, after whom the Gregorian Chant is named; and Pope Nicholas I, 858867, who consolidated the Catholic Church in the Western world in the Middle Ages. Person and Act, one of John Paul II's foremost literary works, was initially written in Polish. He was lowered into a tomb created in the same alcove previously occupied by the remains of John XXIII. Two thirteenths of May! The alcove had been empty since John XXIII's remains had been moved into the main body of the basilica after his beatification. [421] [342][343] John Paul II's remains, which were not exposed, were placed in front of the Basilica's main altar, where believers could pay their respect before and after the beatification mass in St. Peter's Square on 1 May 2011. War, life in the Polish People's Republic, and his pastoral responsibilities all fed his poetry and plays. The Jain leaders were impressed with the pope's "transparency and simplicity", and the meeting received much attention in the Gujarat state in western India, home to many Jains.[253]. My Mother! was all he uttered. The Pope was fading. Quietly groaning, his voice getting weaker, praying, Father Dziwisz could hear his fellow Pole saying, Jesus; Mother Mary.. "[252], In 1995, John Paul II held a meeting with 21 Jains, organised by the Pontifical Council for Interreligious Dialogue. Once the second decree is signed, the position (the report on the cause, with documentation about his life and writings and with information on the cause) is complete. While recovering at the hospital, John Paul realized that the date of the attack was not accidental. [217], The pope had said throughout his pontificate that one of his greatest dreams was to visit Russia,[219] but this never occurred. [53][55][56] More than eight thousand men and boys were taken that day, while Wojtya escaped to the Archbishop's residence,[53][54][55] where he remained until after the Germans had left. [180] Edward N. Peters has referred to the 1983 Code as the "Johanno-Pauline Code"[182] (Johannes Paulus is Latin for "John Paul"), paralleling the "Pio-Benedictine" 1917 code that it replaced. Blessed John Paul died at the age of 84 at the Vatican April 2, 2005, the vigil of Divine Mercy Sunday. The nickname gained popularity among his followers. The Dutch journalist Ekke Overbeek[pl] released a book on John Paul II with similar claims the following week. Among those cardinals who rallied behind Wojtya were supporters of Giuseppe Siri, Stefan Wyszyski, most of the American cardinals (led by John Krol), and other moderate cardinals. [338][339] On 19 December 2009, Pope Benedict XVI signed the first of two decrees needed for beatification and proclaimed John Paul II "Venerable", asserting that he had lived a heroic, virtuous life. "[167], John Paul II was the first pontiff to denounce Mafia violence in Southern Italy. "[203] It has also been widely alleged that the Vatican Bank covertly funded Solidarity. In his encyclical letter, Haurietis Aquas, of 1948 the Pope accentuated a strong connection of consecration to the Heart of Jesus and that of Mary. Witness to Hope: The Biography of Pope John Paul II (p. 151). Moreira Neves, Lucas Cardinal. This concert, which was conceived and conducted by US conductor Gilbert Levine, was attended by the Chief Rabbi of Rome Elio Toaff, the President of Italy Oscar Luigi Scalfaro, and survivors of the Holocaust from around the world. [370], John PaulII was a firm supporter of the Legion of Christ, and in 1998 discontinued investigations into sexual misconduct by its leader Marcial Maciel, who in 2005 resigned his leadership and was later requested by the Vatican to withdraw from his ministry. 12 things to know and share", Pope, on Latin Trip, Attacks Pinochet Regime, Pope Tells Chile's Bishops To Press for Free Elections; Pontiff Joins Pinochet on Palace Balcony, Pionchet's Foes Cheered by the Pope's Presence, "Dlaczego Jan Pawe II wyszed z Pinochetem na balkon", "Pope, Ending Trip, Urges Justice in Paraguay", "bailey83221: Anticipations of the Failure of Communism (Scholarly list of those who predicted fall", "Italy's Mysterious Deepening Bank Scandal", "Reagan's Pope: The Cold War Alliance of Ronald Reagan and Pope John Paul II", "Poles worried, proud of Pope John Paul II 10/13/03", "Address of Pope John Paul II to the Honorable George W. Bush President of the United States of America", "Polish secret services played key part in criminal plot to kill John Paul II", "Nielubne dziecko Jana Pawa II. Thats when Give a Gift SubscriptionBless friends, family or clergy with a gift of the Register. Christodoulos read a list of "13 offences" of the Catholic Church against the Eastern Orthodox Church since the Great Schism,[217] including the pillaging of Constantinople by crusaders in 1204, and bemoaned the lack of apology from the Catholic Church, saying "Until now, there has not been heard a single request for pardon" for the "maniacal crusaders of the 13th century".

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