stramenopiles are unique in that they possess

each cell fuse to form a diploid micronucleus, that (7) divides Metabolically they include chemoheterotrophs, photoautotrophs, and mixotrophs. D. moderate temperature Nothing else can eat them. They prevent horizontal gene transfer. the remaining micronucleus undergoes mitosis to produce two, (4) of B. decay product They are pathogenic. C. They are photoautotrophs. [20] They are usually supported by four microtubule roots in a distinctive pattern. generations. E. They contain endosymbionts. enhance their photosynthetic ability. hairy flagella B. Rhizaria Stramenopiles are eukaryotes; since they are neither fungi, animals, nor plants, they are what used to be called protists. How did the earliest single-celled microorganisms produce energy to drive metabolic processes? E. Phytophthora infestans (the pathogen that causes late-blight), Protists are NOT monophyletic. Stramenopiles A subgroup of chromalveolates, the stramenopiles, also referred to as heterokonts, includes photosynthetic marine algae and heterotrophic protists. D. panmixis E. myxomycetosis, When a ciliate reproduces asexually by mitosis: A. E. none of the choices provided. A. chloroplast, mitochondria, nucleus, endosymbiotic B. Bacteria and Eukarya diverged from a common ancestor more recently than they diverged from their common ancestor with Archaea. Haptophyta Coccolithophores E. Akinetes are reproductive structures whereas endospores are dormant, resistant structures. sperm C. These pigments warn grazers of A. Opisthokonta by: A. Trichomonas vaginalis Stramenopiles are a branch of SAR that is distinguished from other members based on the presence of a unique flagellar hair called the "stramenopile hair." This hair consists of a cylindrical, helically coiled, tubular structure that is encased by a thin p lasma membrane. D. It allows developing drugs that target metabolic pathways unique C. They are useful in studying global However, early evolution of the plastid organelle in Ochrophyta is not fully understood. C. nucleus, Golgi body, endoplasmic reticulum, symbiotic Many stramenopiles also have an additional flagellum that lacks hair-like projections. Diatom frustules have provided an extensive fossil record for this group (back to the Jurassic Period), and large sedimentary deposits of frustules are commercially mined and sold as diatomaceous earth. The familiar west coastMacrocystis pyriferamay grow over 45 meters long (about 150 feet) and be a major component of kelp forests. B. sporozoites Listeria monocytogenes is a species of rod-shaped bacteria. also disintegrate, (3) the remaining micronucleus undergoes mitosis to One of the key clade features is the presence of two subapical or lateral flagella, usually of different lengths. B. ester linkages Water molds are common in fresh water and moist soil ecosystems. C. Akinetes cannot resist stressful conditions whereas endospores can. progressively smaller, Exchange of genetic material in ciliates is known as: A. C. heterotroph Which situation would be most likely to form a fossil under normal environmental conditions? ciliates, Distinctive strawlike hairs occurring on the surface of flagella are characteristic of: T or F, Check all of the following that are TRUE.Which stages of a sporic life cycle are haploid? The stipes of some kelps have a central zone of elongated conducting cells. David. A transverse flagellum is often wrapped in a groove at the equator of the cell and allows the cell to spin forward, while the longitudinal flagellum acts as a rudder. A. protecting the flagellum B. filtering bacterial food smaller E. because the gametes experience difficulty in exiting A host cell They are not photosynthetic, but have a structure called the apicoplast, which is the remnant of the original red algae-derived endosymbiont. T or F. Which statement best explains an outcome of endosymbiosis? Although heterotrophic they may contain zooxanthellae (dinoflagellate endosymbionts). -the capture and ingestion of food particles by a cell While some lack cell walls, others have scales. A. the fusion of two archean cells to form an early eukaryote. C. There is approximately one coliform bacterial species per milliliter. Forams have a sporic life cycle. E. They have flagella. Explore the definition of stramenopiles, diatoms, brown algae, and golden algae. T or F, Sushi wrappers called nori are a type of red algae. A. The stramenopiles include a diversity of forms, ranging from unicellular (e.g. The stramenopiles and the alveolates together are now widely regarded as comprising the chromalveolates. Stramenopiles may be unicellular, filamentous, or multicellular. At death, the frustules of marine diatoms sink to the sea bottom and contribute to the siliceous ooze on the seafloor. E. Participate in beach cleanup efforts, Phagotrophy (Phagocytosis) is: [19], Most stramenopiles have two flagella near the apex. Yes, because its skeleton could have been replaced by minerals to form a fossil. They feed on nonliving organic matter. (2012) is:[38], They are not called chloroplasts, the most common form of photosynthetic plastid. Apicomplexans are named for an apical complex, which may help the organism penetrate a host cell. D. domains Purchase fuel-efficient vehicles human health problems. D. tetanus decomposers stramenopila they are to some other kinds of organisms, Which of the following types of organisms are NOT considered to be E. attaching to the substrate, Stramenopiles are unique in that they possess: E. Sulfuric acid, aerobic, and anaerobic respiration. B. Anaerobic cellular respiration. These are sometimes referred to as tinsel-type flagella. C. A host cell ingests two or more symbionts simultaneously. They possess pigments that reflect and transmit red light. dinoflagellates A. the use of microorganisms to treat open wounds What is the difference between plants and Archaeplastida? A. layered rocklike structures formed by cyanobacteria. In this relationship, Rhizobium is an example of a(n): D. It can occur through endosymbiosis. A. Bacteria and Archaea diverged from a common ancestor more recently than they diverged from their common ancestor with Eukarya. The A. Aerobic cellular respiration. B. Plasmodiuim falciparum Your email address will not be published. Members of the supergroup Amoebozoa are characterized by: E. They are archaea. What is the likely reaction of such a Pseudomonas cell to the presence of a food particle? The latter are among the most significant primary producers in marine and freshwater ecosystems. Dinoflagellates have an armor-like plating over the cell membrane and perpendicular flagella, or long thin tails used for swimming, that give the cell a spiraling, spinning motion. D. Endospores cannot resist stressful conditions whereas akinetes can. For this reason, planktonic forams are considered to be phytoplankton. ingests another cell already containing a primary symbiont. Ciliates also have a unique method of sexual reproduction, calledconjugation. D. No movement because the cell synthesizes its own food glycolysis in the peroxisomes D. cilia E. inter-locking parasites spores, Check all of the following that are TRUE. E. transferring nutrients across intestinal membranes. E. Excavata, The group of protists to which you are most closely related is: These protists are informally known as: If used narrowly, a chloroplast is a plastid which contains chlorophyll B, as in. B. botulism attaching to the substrate, B. filtering bacterial food from the water, The group of protists to which you are most closely related is: The alternate host for Entamoeba histolytica is the It occurs when genes are transferred from parent to progeny. This species produces gas vesicles in order to maximize its access to oxygen at the lake's surface. conjugant, (6) the two haploid micronuclei in each cell fuse to form a from the water C. directing currents away from the plants and animals skin thereby increasing exposure to the pathogen. Many alveolates, but not all, have plastids. -They are heterotrophs, but they are not parasites. The protists are a diverse group of eukaryotes that cannot be classified as animals, plants, or fungi. Stramenopiles are category of organisms made up of cells with a particular form of chlorophyll. Alveolate. Initial laboratory reports show anemia, decreased WBC count, and an elevated ESR. D. All three domains diverged from a common ancestor at the same time. [15] The term 'stramenopile' sought to identify a clade (monophyletic and holophyletic lineage) using the approach developed by transformed cladists of pointing to a defining innovative characteristic or apomorphy. A. it allows scientists to cause mutations in the DNA thereby killing the pathogen -alveoli beneath the plasma membrane Cyanobacteria, or blue-green algae, are considered the most ancient organisms capable of photosynthesis. [Solved] Stramenopiles are unique in that they possess: A)double plastids B)hairy flagella C)alveoli D)flexible protein ribbons beneath the plasma membrane E)calcium carbonate crystals which one stays in the parent cell and the other moves to the opposite Cavalier-Smith 1993, Bolidophyceae Guillou & Chretiennot-Dinet 1999, Phaeophyceae (brown seaweeds) Hansgirg 1886. They joined other heterotrophic protists, such as bicosoecids, labyrinthulids, and oomycete fungi, that were included by some as heterokonts and excluded by others. Organisms in the Protista kingdom include amoebae, red algae, dinoflagellates, diatoms, euglena, and slime molds. [29] C. directing currents away from the flagellum Plastids originated from which of the following groups of prokaryotes? E. Stramenopila. A. The taxon 'Heterokontae' was introduced in 1899 by Alexander Luther for algae that are now considered the Xanthophyceae. Stramenopiles: Unique Characteristic - Has two flagella (One simple, one more complex) Stramenopiles: Mastigonemes. Some lineages (such as the axodine lineage that included the chromophytic pedinellids, colourless ciliophryids, and colourless actinophryid heliozoa) have secondarily reverted to heterotrophy. Gametes are biflagellate. C. saprophytes D. Reduce fertilizer use on lawns and gardens C. plastids acquired through tertiary endosymbiosis Which would be most likely to be fossilized? Some species have even become adapted to thriving in extreme environments, such as deserts, arctic regions, and hypersaline habitats. Several million years later, archeologists are digging at the spot where the deer died and was buried. When You Breathe In Your Diaphragm Does What. - alveolates duplication of genes necessary for the survival of the pathogen. C. an endosymbiotic relationship between two bacterium. E. anaerobic, chemotrophic, eukaryotic. They contain symbiotic algae. various preferred habitats and enhance their photosynthetic ability. protists are of the same lineage B. that all protists are more Rhizaria is a(n): A. algaB. Why or why not? Strikingly, Telonemia exhibit a unique combination of cellular structures that have only been found separately in different groups of SAR as well as some other eukaryotic lineages such as . D. gametocytes E. neophytes, Sleeping sickness is transmitted by: A. mosquitoes B. nonmotile protists. undergoes meiosis to produce four haploid micronuclei, of which three Most excavates are unicellular, heterotrophic flagellates. Flagellated cells are not produced by members of this group, but non-planktonic diatoms may be observed to move by gliding. A bacterial cell undergoes binary fission. 1980. They found that: Stramenopiles A subgroup of chromalveolates, the stramenopiles, also referred to as heterokonts, includes photosynthetic marine algae and heterotrophic protists. C. algae In small streams, most algae are attached to rocks. What makes stramenopiles unique? C. depolarization of land masses. EX: cyanobacteria, this group shares molecular and cellular wall features, five major subgroups called , , , , Rather than continue to use a name whose meaning had changed over time and was hence ambiguous, the name 'stramenopile' was introduced to refer to the clade of protists that had tripartite stiff (usually flagellar) hairs and all their descendents. E. It has a flagellum. A. Which of the following statements is NOT true of any Foraminifera? a. The anterior flagellum (AF) exten Flagella are conserved organelles among eukaryotes and they are composed of many proteins, which are necessary for flagellar assembly, maintenance and function. produce two, (4) of which one stays in the parent cell and the other stressful conditions. protistC. Among the stramenopiles are the unicellular diatoms, the multicellular brown algae, and the nonphotosynthetic oomycetes, many of which are saprobic. For instance, the cell walls of oomycetes are composed of cellulose rather than chitin and generally do not have septations. For example, in 1956, Copeland[14] used it to include the xanthophytes (using the name Vaucheriacea), a group that included what became known as the chrysophytes, the silicoflagellates, and the hyphochytrids. These plastids were obtained by secondary, tertiary, or possibly even quaternary endosymbiosis. C. osmotrophic It will be less efficient at exchanging materials with its environment. Which of the following statements is NOT true of Trichomonas vaginalis? Some of the bacterivorous stramenopiles, such as Cafeteria are common and widespread consumers of bacteria, and thus play a major role in recycling carbon and nutrients within microbial food webs. Which of the following statements about decomposers is TRUE? A. ether linkages B. because their heavy siliceous shells impede conjugation A. the movement of small organic molecules across the cell membrane The macronucleus divides into two with each new cell receiving an Stramenopila E. Alveolata, Slime molds are in the supergroup: A. Opisthokonta B. lichenD. Paramylon are stored particles of carbohydrate. D. Stramenopila It lacks The malarial stage infecting red blood cells of humans are the C. anthrax 3. neither was toxic A. warming. E. carotovora is an example of a: Some apicomplexans are major human health threats, mostly notably the four species of genusPlasmodiumthat cause malaria, resulting in an estimated 300-900 million deaths per year. In a zygotic life cycle: A. Haploid cells form gametes that Red algae, green algae, and plants are so closely related that they They have a thicker peptidoglycan layer than do Gram-negative bacteria. C. respond to light with the aid of flotation devices Their negative effects would be reduced because they will no longer be able to produce the acid that damages teeth. Those plastids are coloured off-green, orange, golden or brown because of the presence of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll c, and fucoxanthin. D. They have filose pseudopodia. The basal part of the hair is flexible and inserts into the cell membrane; the second part is dominated by a long stiff tube (the 'straw' or 'stramen'); and finally the tube is tipped by many delicate hairs called mastigonemes. C. Encourage sustainable fishing mitochondria C. nuclei D. both chloroplasts and A. This implies that the stramenopiles arose as heterotrophs, diversified, and then some of them acquired chromoplasts. B. -are all more closely related to each other than they are to any other kind of organisms This means that protists: The other subgroup of chromalveolates, the stramenopiles, includes photosynthetic marine algae and heterotrophic protists. D. the use of microorganisms to attack pathogenic bacteria All of the other choices provided are incorrect, A. diversifies genotypes thereby allowing faster evolutionary D. flexible protein ribbons beneath the plasma membrane B. Members of this subgroup range in size from single-celled diatoms to the massive and multicellular kelp. C. Proteobacteria Stramenopiles typically have two flagella of unequal length, the longer one bearing rows of tubular hairs. There is an alternation of generations. Radiolarians are major contributors to seafloor siliceous ooze. E. prokaryotic cells being engulfed and becoming external symbionts within an early bacteria cell. B. continental drift. Most have cellulose cell walls. C. No, because bacteria continued to decompose its skeleton after it was buried. adapted to absorb more of the light of which of the following colors? It uses toxins to In most species, the hairs are attached to flagella, in some they are attached to other areas of the cellular surface, and in some they have been secondarily lost (in which case relatedness to stramenopile ancestors is evident from other shared cytological features or from genetic similarity). Stramenopiles represent one of the three major clades in the SAR supergroup, along with Alveolata and Rhizaria. Themacronucleusis polyploid and actively transcribes the genes necessary for metabolism. A. protective coverings that are hard, tough, or slimy -They are neither heterotrophic nor autotrophic, they are decomposers. T or F, Slime molds are in the supergroup -the ability to use photosynthesis and osmosis or particle ingestion for nutrition (1) in each conjugating pair of cells all but one of the four -are all more closely related to fungi than they are to any other organisms water D. propel the organism and collect food E. propel Chlorarachniophyte plastids are bounded by four layers of membrane and have nucleomorphs which are thought to be the remnants of the algal nucleus. transduction double plastids Stramenopila C. the absorption of light by pigments for transfer to chlorophyll a young cells E. It helped provide a date for the emergence of bilateral symmetry in animals. Photosynthetic stramenopiles possess chloroplasts with four layers of membrane. Most of the algae possess plastids acquired through endosymbiosis with a member of the Archaeplastida, although some have plastids acquired by tertiary endosymbiosis and one photosynthetic cercozoan (Paulinella)likely represents a unique instance of primary endosymbiosis with a Cyanobacteria. B. cells the four diploid micronuclei fuse, (2) then each undergoes New concepts for the system of unicellular organisms. Due to their similarity in growth and metabolism to fungi, they were initially incorrectly placed in the Fungi (hence the common name water molds). each cell fuse to form a diploid micronucleus, that (7) divides when organic food is abundant, With regard to protists, what is a cyst? E. They protect against viruses. Flagellated stramenopiles often have two dissimilar flagella. B. pathogen Stramenopiles, which include brown algae, diatoms and oomycetes, possess two laterally inserted flagella. later acquires another one by phagocytosis. A. the choanoflagellates B. slime molds C. List all of Mrs. Schreiber's signs and symptoms. D. alveoli beneath the plasma membrane of protist cells to a substrate E. the capture of food particles sexual strain (-) where it fuses with the resident haploid nucleus to Genetic material, DNA and RNA, are found in three distinct organelles in eukaryotic cells, what are these organelles and which type of relationship may have lead to their formation? B. the capture and ingestion of food particles by a cell The anterior flagellum (usually) has one or two rows of glycoprotein appendages calledmastigonemes. The Mesomycetozoa form a small group of parasites, primarily of fish, and at least one form that can parasitize humans. mitosomes. What is the most accurate description of the consequence(s) of the increased oxygen (O2) in the atmosphere during and after the Silurian Period? Rhizaria is a lineage that includes organisms that are (mostly) unicellular and amoeboid. They play an important role in nutrient cycling. There is an alternation of The importance of kelp forests to marine vertebrate and invertebrate animal populations cannot be overstated. All other systems show no abnormality. After four additional generations, how many total progeny cells do you expect there to be? This group is named for structures called alveoli, which are small, closely packed vesicles just under the plasma membrane. micronuclei with each new cell receiving two micronuclei each. B. This form of plastid is called a stramenochrome or chromoplast. the zygote, Sexual reproduction occurs in all protists. -A host cell ingests another cell already containing a primary symbiont. B. Alveolata Eukarya and Archaea diverged from a common ancestor more recently than they diverged from their common ancestor with Bacteria. It allows scientists to prevent meiosis and the A. thylakoids diatoms) or colonial forms to large multicellular forms, such as the brown algae. A. B. hard shells composed of calcium carbonate A. the production and emission of light by organisms B. slime molds E. Alveolata, An environmental testing laboratory is unable to identify a single-celled organism isolated from a well water sample. Based on this information, this organism can be classified to which supergroup? flagellum D. storing waste materials of the cell E. host cell ingests two or more symbionts simultaneously. Most feed by filose pseudopodia. C. half-life -It caused algae to produce cell walls. dispersal. provided are incorrect. B. filtering bacterial food from the water C. Eukarya and Archaea diverged from a common ancestor more recently than they diverged from their common ancestor with Bacteria. Their negative effects would be reduced because they will no longer be able to produce mucilage and stick to teeth. -to support the life of the decomposers stored in the tissues. Both frustules are replaced by individuals that are formed sexually. E. 33, Binary fission is: Themicronucleus(there may be one or more) contains the diploid genome, which is not actively transcribed. (a) Write a mass balance for an aqueous solution of Ca3(PO4)2\mathrm{Ca}_3\left(\mathrm{PO}_4\right)_2Ca3(PO4)2 if the aqueous species are Ca2+,PO43,HPO42\mathrm{Ca}^{2+}, \mathrm{PO}_4^{3-}, \mathrm{HPO}_4^{2-}Ca2+,PO43,HPO42, H2PO4\mathrm{H}_2 \mathrm{PO}_4^{-}H2PO4, and H3PO4\mathrm{H}_3 \mathrm{PO}_4H3PO4. B. carbon Rhizaria D. Foraminifera E. Stramenopila, Which of the following terms DOES NOT describe a basic type of The first living cells were most likely They have thread-like (filose) pseudopodia or a cytoplasmic web that they use for trapping organic matter or prey. They may form a siliceous skeleton or outer calcareous covering called a test.Slender (filose) pseudopodia extend through pores in the test. calcium carbonate crystals This group includes theStramenopiles,Alveolates, andRhizarians. E. They attach to host cells by small hooks. From a 100 mL sample, you use a 0.5 mL subsample to inoculate a plastic dish filled with a semisolid nutrient medium that fosters growth of coliform bacteria. For example, their cell walls may be composed of cellulose, or they may be amoeboid or covered with overlapping siliceous or calcareous scales. Cells are stained purple. Chloroplast, mitochondria, nucleus, endosymbiotic. Chlorophyta is a taxonomic group (a phylum) comprised of green algae that live in marine habitats. D. methanogen D. Haploid cells form spores that in turn fuse to produce thick-walled zygotes capable of surviving stressful conditions. Many important photosynthesizers are stramenopiles and not all stramenopiles are single-celled. They include theciliates, theapicomplexans, and thedinoflagellates, along with several other minor groups. flagella D. Yes, because it would have fossilized before it was buried. This clade has a complex history of classification and evolutionary relationships still remain a matter of study and debate. An unfortunate deer becomes stuck in quicksand at the edge of a lake and dies. Stramenopiles are eukaryotes; since they are neither fungi, animals, nor plants, they are what used to be called protists. As a relic of secondary endosymbiosis, stramenopiles possess unusually complex organelle membranes. [22] Most molecular analyses suggest that the most basal stramenopiles lacked plastids and were accordingly colourless heterotrophs, feeding on other organisms. B. D. it allows the development of drugs that target metabolic pathways unique to the pathogen A. Haploid cells form gametes that fuse to produce thick-walled pathogens from one host to another. C. It will be able to secrete mucilage and aggregate as part of a biofilm. It helped provide a date for the emergence of vertebrates. meiosis to produce four haploid micronuclei, of which three also C. Akinetes cannot resist stressful conditions whereas endospores can. D. killing harmful insects D. A host cell ingests one symbiont and then later ingests another one. SAR includes unicellular, filamentous, colonial, and multicellular members, and individuals may be non-motile or motile by flagella, cilia, pseudopodia, or by other means. D. to permit the embryo to develop undisturbed up to the time of hatching. quality of light prevalent in their various preferred habitats and A. macronucleosis Alginic acid is commercially useful in food products and textiles and large amounts of kelp is harvested every year for this purpose. [a] The most significant autotrophic stramenopiles are the brown algae (wracks and many other seaweeds), and the diatoms. B. E. floods and formation of glaciers. They may D. anaerobic, heterotrophic, eukaryotic. D. It provided evidence that the earliest life forms were heterotrophic. zygote D. periphyton -A host cell ingests one symbiont and then later ingests another one. liver E. spleen, The sexual phase of Plasmodium is called a: A. These glassy cell walls are composed of silicon dioxide. Animals and fungi are more closely related to each other than either - Possess 2 simple flagella for locomotion - Produce significant blooms. Amoebozoa Their evolutionary relationships remain an area of active research. dinoflagellate Mrs. Schreiber is given advice about symptomatic treatment for her dry mouth and will be seen again in 1 week. C. Directional movement toward the food particle using an amoeboid motion mitotically, producing diploid macronuclei and micronuclei. No, because it needed to be fully intact when buried to form a fossil. Because of this, brown algae have historically been included in a diverse group of eukaryotic organisms called stramenopiles. A. petroleum deposits. What statement is also most likely true about Nostoc? This means: It causes nervous disorders in humans. Some dinoflagellates are bioluminescent. These hairs usually occur on the flagella. B. red-orange opalines and proteromonads live in the intestines of cold-blooded vertebrates and have been called parasites;[26] C. They avoid disintegration in water with low concentrations of salt. cycle C. a gametic life cycle D. a zygotic life mitotically and one of the daughter nuclei passes to an individual of photoautotrophs E. It occurs commonly in bacteria. C. Both systems attach to cells in the same way but they differ merely in the chemicals that they inject into the host cell. The process by which genetic material is exchanged between different species, such as an endosymbiont and its host, is: B. Fluctuating seasonal water temperatures

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