The main effect of interrow spacing significantly affected marketable fruit, unmarketable fruit, marketable fruit number, unmarketable fruit number, and fruit diameter. The seeds were sown in June and harvested in October. Moreover, the interaction effect of intra- and inter-row spacing effect on harvest index was significant (P<0.05) (Table1). The CPWC can be shortened with narrow rows, which may reduce the reliance on herbicides and/or improve overall weed control. Box 1937, Woreta, Ethiopia, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Gondar, P.O. Staggered rows incurred higher planting costs, but increased net returns to management. With wider rows there is less shading of the ground and weeds densities are often higher; lack of crop shading allows weeds to grow taller and for relatively longer periods of time. 9195, 2012. Data collected on fruit yield and yield components were analysed using SAS. Worse still, a single plant can produce hundreds of thousands of seeds, thus increasing the size of the soil seedbank in a single season. [5], it is consumed in every household in different modes, but in certain areas, such as Wallo, Hararge, Shewa, Jimma, and Wallaga, acts as important costaple food. Similar result was reported by Khan et al. With this planting arrangement, the planting density per hectare will be 2000. http://www.tropentag.de/2012/abstracts/full/659.pdf, http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC/visualize. Plant density is determined either by seed rate (for broadcast planting) or by inter- and intra- row spacing (for row planting). High unmarketable fruit yield was recorded from closer spacing. Abstract: An experiment was conducted on the effects of the intra-row spacing on the yield and yield components of potato cultivars in Wolkite University College of agriculture and natural resource. Planting with an intrarow spacing of 20cm resulted in a higher yield of 35.96% and 36.97% compared to 30 and 40cm planting distance, respectively. In the midst of winter, after cold and rainy weeks, it sounds miserable, but if you are looking forward to that summer experience, you may want to prepare your lawn now. Shamsi K, Kobraee S. Effect of plant density on the growth, yield and yield components of three soybean varieties under climatic conditions of Kermanshah, Iran. Ogundare et al. These contrasting results might be due to variations in crop management practices, variety, and environmental conditions where the crop is grown. Please include what you were doing when this page came up and the Cloudflare Ray ID found at the bottom of this page. 2011;21(4):6925. Please note that where retained stubble is dense, it may not be physically possible to carry out inter-row cultivation. Save Time and Money by Learning How to Sharpen Bush Hog Blades at Home. One such method of precision agriculture is correct seed spacing. Proper method of sowing is among the important biotic factors that determine the proper plant population, which improves the performance and productivity of plants in the field. 43, EARO, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2004. 2002;1:189. The wider rows help sorghum to survive and even thrive during short periods of drought. The fruits were counted at each harvest time, averaged converted to number of marketable fruits per hectare, and expressed in numbersUnmarketable fruit number per hectare: fruits with cracks, rotting, damage by insects, diseases, and birds, and sunburn, as well as extra small-sized fruits, were collected from ten tagged plants and were considered as unmarketable. Marketable fruit weight per hectare (kg ha1): the fruits harvested from two middle rows, which were free from damage by insect pests and diseases and not extra small-sized (>20g), were weighed, averaged, and expressed in yield per plot and calculated on per hectare basis. intercrop. IV; 2016. CSA (Central Statistical Agency), Key Findings of the 2018. , Riethmuller, G., DAntuono, M. (2016) Eleven years of integrated weed management: Long, term impacts of row spacing and harvest weed seed destruction on. This is a common practice of maximizing the use of vacant interrow spaces when the maincrop has not fully developed thus allowing sufficient light exposure. Your IP: We would like to acknowledge Gondar Agricultural Research Center for providing seed and equipment for measuring various traits. While narrow row spacing can reduce CPWC, it can sometimes reduce yield if plants are spaced too closely together due to competition between the crop plants themselves. The common bean is the crop used as food, feed, and to improve soil fertility. A field trial was conducted during the 2009/2010 cropping season at the Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching and Research Farm at Dabagi to investigate the effects of inter and intra row spacing on the growth and fodder yield of Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp Variety Kanannado). After emergence, the mulch material was removed to harden the seedling. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. The highest fruit diameter (5.7cm) was observed by an interrow spacing of 100cm, and the lowest fruit diameter was recorded by 60cm interrow spacing. However, planting arrangement of 100 and 120cm resulted in a reduced yield of 49.85% and 50.21% compared to 60cm, respectively. Agricultural Sample Surveys, the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, CSA (Central Statistical Agency), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2018. All About Tractor Fuel Usage: Whats the Best Solution? On the other hand, when the number of plants per unit area decreased, the yield also decreased. Similarly, the main effect of inter- and intra-row spacing at site two was significant (P<0.01), while their interaction had no significant effect on the number of pods per plant (Table4). For most tillers, rows should be at least 36 inches wide. Can you freeze fresh broccoli without blanching? In: Proceedings of the Southern Weed Science Society Meeting, San Juan, PR. Afr Biotechnol J. Furthermore, this result might be because wider spacing had a better light interception as compared to the narrow row spacing, resulting in more number of days to flowering of mung bean. (2016) Row spacing impacts the critical period for weed control in cotton (. Correct seed. It influences crop yield through its influence on light interception, rooting pattern and moisture extraction pattern. It can move from one place to other. It is one of my favorite times in the garden year. The result also indicated that all interrow spacing interacted with 30cm intrarow spacing do not show significant difference in fruit length. However, the production and productivity were affected by poor nutrition and fertilizer management, inappropriate interrow spacings, and the poor genetic makeup of the crops in Ethiopia. Multiply the square footage of the planting bed by the plants needed per square foot to determine the number of plants needed. 12. hope it's helpful for you and mark as the brainliest, thanks for the above question and follow me guys. please, This site is using cookies under cookie policy . (1966) Interception of solar radiation and dry matter production by various soybean planting patterns. East-west row orientation is preferred to maximize light absorption, but this is not always possible. Spatial arrangementis the systematic apportioning of the farm area or any growing surface for crop production. Effect of N fertilizer and plant density on yield, seed quality, and oil content of soybean (Glycine max L. Merr) at Hawassa, southern Ethiopia. Highly competitive weeds that grow rapidly during this period can cause significant yield reduction even at low densities; wide-row spacing exacerbates the problem. The planting was carried out in rows that were 2.00 m long, with an intra-row spacing of 0.10 m and an inter-row spacing of 0.50 m. The planting locations were employed as three replications. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40066-018-0234-9, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40066-018-0234-9. 10, no. The treatment comprises of three intrarow spacing (20, 30, and 40cm) and four interrow spacing (60, 80, 100, and 120cm) replicated three times and arranged in randomized complete block design using tomato variety Weyno. The standard spacing requirement for maize is 75cm by 25cm, this is spacing is used when you plant one maize seed per hole. The treatments include three intra-row spacing (20 cm, 30 cm and 40, 50 cm). Wider spaced crops have advantage under this geometry. For vine crops such as sweet potatoes, cucumbers, cantaloupe, watermelons and pumpkins, leave at least 60 to 72 inches between the rows. Nazret: Melkassa Agricultural Research Center; 2003. On the other hand, in contrast with this result, Chernet et al. (a) Oxygen (b) Carbon monoxide (c) Carbon dioxide (d) Nitrogen, specific characteristics. Each experimental plot had 2.5 and 4m length and width, respectively. thesis presented to Haramaya University, Ethiopia; 2003. Part of 5 What is difference between mixed cropping and intercropping? Days to 50% flowering: when the flowering was noticed in the 50% of the plants per plot, it was considered as 50 percent flowering and days taken to this stage were considered as days to 50 percent flowering and expressed in number. In the case of the furrow distance, the highest marketable fruit yield was recorded from 60cm interrow spacing (7674kg), which is statistically in par with 80cm. Res J Agric Environ Manag. What is intra row spacing? Crops Review is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to Amazon.com. The highest grain yield (1882.67kgha1) was obtained at interaction of 4010cm spacing, while the lowest (1367.8kgha1) was obtained from 205cm spacing. Bogor, Indonesia: PROSEA. 2012;14:4138. Results of the economic analysis of the present experiment showed that the maximum net benefit of Ethiopian birr (ETB) 22,185.7ha1 with an acceptable marginal rate of return (MRR) (>100%) was obtained from planting of mung bean with 4015cm spacing (Table9). However, the result of economic analysis showed that the maximum net benefit was obtained at spacing of 4015cm. BoA (Bureau of Agriculture), Kewet Woreda Agriculture Development Office, Annual Report, BoA (Bureau of Agriculture), CSA, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2000. If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. Agric & Food Secur 7, 84 (2018). Conversely, Papadopoulos and Ormrod [18] found low proportion of unmarketable fruit grade of tomato under greenhouse condition which is grown in wider spacing. S. O. Agele, G. O. Iremiren, and S. O. Ojeniyi, Effects of plant density and mulching on the performance of late-season tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) in southern Nigeria, The Journal of Agricultural Science, vol. For a raised bed garden, you probably dont want boxes and/or rows wider than 5 feet, so you can easily reach into the garden and pull weeds or harvest vegetables without having to walk into the raised bed. [16] and Desalegne [6] also reported that the closer the spacing between rows, the minimum was the number of sun-scorched fruits. This might be due to higher inter- and intrarow competition for resources such as light, water, and nutrients. Four intra-row spacings (20, 25, 30 and 35 cm) and four potato varieties (Gudenne, Jalenne, Gera and Guassa) were used in the experiment. For plowed garden plots, row spacing is often determined by the width of your rotary tiller. Sarhad J Agric. Because raised bed gardens are usually maintained without machinery, rows can be closer. 3, pp. Sci Asia. document.getElementById("ak_js_1").setAttribute("value",(new Date()).getTime()); "Every day is Earth Day when you work in agriculture.". What is the reason for correct plant spacing? College of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences, Extension Master Gardener program celebrates 50 years of cultivating green thumbs, UGA announces 2023 pollinator plants of the year, Treat now for stickers in your lawn, Cold protection options for growing fruit and vegetables throughout the winter, Begin the new year by starting plants from seed, UGA study aims to help farmers transitioning to organic production. Spacing 22x9.5 cm resulted in 26.85 tons per hectare production, which had attractive marketable bulb diameter and weight. There is also evidence that narrow rows may promote disease incidence in susceptible crops. Hence, a study was conducted in two research stations at Arsi Negele and Melkasa Agricultural Research Center (MARC), during 2019 . Some gardeners prefer slightly wider rows for certain crops like okra because its just a pain, literally, to have to harvest without some headroom. thesis presented to Haramaya University, Ethiopia; 2011. For most crops such as beans, corn, tomatoes, eggplant, peppers, okra, peas and squash, 36-inch row spacing would be the minimum. 6:55-59. doi/abs/10.2135/cropsci1966.0011183X000600010017x. It is easy for disease to spread from one plant to another if the plants are growing on top of one another, so plants growing too closely together are not as healthy as plants with enough space. Correct seed spacing is one such method of precision farming. Not applicable since the study involved mung bean plants. At present, mung bean cultivation spreads widely in Africa, South America, Australia and in many Asian countries [3]. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Debre Berhan University is acknowledged for their financial and material supports. Soybean row spacings of 30- to 36- inches are common in some regions of the country due to prevailing equipment setups and production practices, but planting in narrow rows can improve weed control. Privacy The seed tubers were weighed and categorized under five weight ranges (20-35, 36-50 (mostly used as blanket recommendation), 51-65, 66-80, and 81-95 g), which are used as seed tuber treatments. Harder, D.B., Sprague, C.L., Renner, K.A. S. Hussen, M. Kemal, and M. Wasie, Effect of intra-row spacing on growth and development of tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum mill) var. As a University of Georgia Cooperative Extension agent, I answer hundreds of gardening question. In Ethiopia, tomato is the main source of income and food security in most rift valley areas. The longest days to flowering with a wider inter- and intra-row spacing might be due to the fact that more nutritional area available in the wider row spacing might have caused the crop to flower later than the narrower spacing. B. Jones Jr., Tomato Plant Culture: In the Field, Greenhouse, and Home Garden, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, USA, 2007. 12, no. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Another practice is instrip intercropping, for example, the simultaneous growing of 6 rows of corn and 12 rows of soybean in alternating stripes. This way you can go back between the rows and lightly cultivate for weed control until the crop starts to fill in between the rows. However, planting distance had shown no remarkable effect on primary branches of the tomato variety Weyno in the current experiment. 5, pp. Borger, C.P.D. Narrow row soybean is considerably more competitive against many weed species due to earlier canopy closure than in wide row soybean. Ara et al. Factorial combinations of four inter-rows (20, 30, 40 and 50cm) and three intra-rows (5, 10 and 15cm) spacing were laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Which Indian tribes used the bow-and-arrow? Common row spacing in these environments is 36-40 inches but can go as wide as 60 inches. The reason for the higher marketable fruit yield in the narrow interrow and intrarow spacing could be attributed due to more plant populations per unit area. If, however, the intra-row has much miss-spacing, it may indicate low-vigor seeds or a poorly adjusted machine. 12. Desalegne [6] reported that many varieties of tomato including fresh and processed varieties are popular and economically important vegetable crop in small and large-scale farming. Cloudflare Ray ID: 7c057790a979916b At higher. (Not comparable) Between rows, particularly rows of crops. In most cases it is a good idea to leave at least 18 to 36 inches of space between each row of plants. Results indicated that the number of pods plants-1 and grain yield/ha-1 of Bambara groundnuts increased with increased planting density. (Best 2023 Explanation). You still need to control the weeds with tilling and hoeing early in the season. Keep in mind that the wider your row spacing becomes, the more weeds you will have to deal with. The highest marketable fruit yield was recorded at closer intra- and interrow spacing (Table 2). Interrow cultivation. The fruits were counted at each harvest time and expressed in numbers and converted to number of unmarketable fruits per hectare. Some gardeners prefer slightly wider rows for certain crops like okra because it's just a pain, literally, to have to harvest without some headroom. 2013;6:13548. Asfaw A, Fekadue Gurum F, Alemayehu S, Rezene Y. The adjacent blocks are separated by a space that may remain vacant or planted to other crops. For example, peanut or mungbean can be dibbled between two adjacent rows of corn. The highest number of pods per plant (26.73) was obtained from 5015cm inter- and intra-row spacing, while the lowest number of pods per plant (7.53) was found at 205cm at Metema site two (Table6). Bradley, K.W. Fruit diameter (cm): the diameter of 10 randomly selected fruits per each plot at each harvest was measured using a caliper meter, and their average is expressed as fruit diameter. The manipulation of row spacing is a conceptually simple management tactic that can have a sizable impact on weeds in some crops. 2014;1(4):10510. At very higher population (205cm), the adverse effect on the yield was noticed which might be due to intense interplant competition and floral abortion. What is the Critical Period for Weed Control (CPWC)? Multiple spacing or multiple plants together also indicates poor adjustment. However, the wider row and plant spacing (45 x 30cm) displayed early maturity (147.80 days). The average production is incomparable with the average yield of other countries such as China (59.4tons ha1), India (24.6 tonsha1), USA (96.8tons ha1), Turkey (68.8tons ha1), and Egypt (40.9tons ha1) [8]. Agron J. It is a distance between seeds in a given row and the distance between several rows. Precision agriculture is a method of applying inputs at the correct rate and place in the field to achieve the best crop growth stage. Wide rows require additional weed control to compensate for reduced crop competition. Among them, two of the most commonly followed practices are the mixed cropping and intercropping.Intercropping Vs Mixed Cropping. Marketable fruit yield was significantly (<0.05) affected by inter- and intrarow spacing, whereas the interaction effect of intra- and interrow spacing was not significant (Table 1). Yagoob H, Yagoob M. The effects of water deficit stress on protein yield of mung bean genotypes. 6 How does inter row spacing affect plant height? This website was conceptualized primarily to serve as an e-library for reference purposes on the principles and practices in crop science, including basic botany. Google Scholar. This system of planting arrangement is likewise common in coconut farms where fruit trees like durian, lanzones, and mangosteen are grown in single rows between coconut. In contrast, there was no intra-row spacing cultivar interaction in lowest pod height. Are you able to identify the poet who wrote these lines? 1, pp. The highest aboveground dry biomass yield (4503.11kgha1) was recorded at 20cm inter-row spacing which was significantly decreased by wider spacing of 30, 40, and 50cm spacing, while the lowest value for dry biomass yield (2607.11kgha1) was obtained at 50cm inter-row spacing (Table2). Hence, a field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of irrigation frequency and intra row spacing on growth, nodulation and agronomic performance of haricot bean at Arba Minch during dry season of 2018/19. Narrow-rows for annual cereals are typically planted at 7 inches or less. Samih A. With regard to the effects of intra-row spacing, the maximum plant height (80.43 cm) was recorded at narrow intra-row spacing of 5 cm (Table 2 ). Although there have been concerns surrounding this practice in the past, an understanding of row spacing and soybean growth patterns can play a significant role in integrated weed management. Utilizing a drill seeder to plant in narrow rows may lead to an increase in seeding rate. Are Tractors Allowed on the Road? Boca Raton: CRC Press; 2005. What began decades ago as an experiment in horticultural education is still going strong and celebrating 50 years of public service. Khan EA, Aslam M, Ahmad HK, Ayaz M, Hussain A. Multiple row plantingis a system of growing crops in blocks or strips of 2 or more rows. Each treatment was duplicated three times making 36 experimental units with a treatment combination of 12. Regardless of interrow spacing, using 20cm intrarow spacing increased marketable fruit yield by 35.96% as compared to the frequently used spacing by farmers which is 30cm. Intra-row spacing and sowing date were respectively allocated to the main and sub-plots while pesticides consisting . 5, no. Although research has revealed that narrow row spacing is beneficial for some crops, each crop varies in growth characteristics and CPWC. H. Abrha, A. Birhanu, M. Desta, and A. Kebede, Effect of inter and intra-row spacing on yield and yield components of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum linn.) Planting tomato in closer interrow spacing (60cm) resulted in 50% yield increment than the widest (120cm) space between rows. [23] also reported that highest fruit length was recorded from a wider spacing of 7560cm than closer spacing. This research was conducted in the Debre Berhan University research and demonstration site which is classified as vertosol. While narrow rows can improve weed management, some diseases are favored by narrow rows because the soybean foliage and soil surface remains wet for longer periods of time. All new works based on this websites resources will carry the same license, so any derivatives will also allow commercial use. This result was in line with Ihsanullah et al. Profits increased by an average of 14% with 7.5- and 15-inch row spacings compared to 30-inch rows (Harder 2007). Lambert, D.M., Lowenberg-DeBoer, J. P. Singh, K. Singh, C. Yadav, and J. Ganga, Effect of intra-row spacing and pruning on yield, water use and economics of tomato production under naturally ventilated bamboo polyhouse, Pantnagar Journal of Research, vol. The plants spaced in rows 45cm apart produced taller plants (131.00 cm), followed by optimum (35cm) and closer (25cm) distance between row giving 126.20 and 121.88 cm, respectively. We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. (2023 Edition), NTTL Tractor Test: What You Must Know! 6, no. Rafiei M. Influence of tillage and plant density on mung bean. [25] who stated that no significant effect of different row spacing and plant densities on pod length of mung bean. The authors want to declare that they can submit the data at whatever time based on your request. Sunflower has become an important crop for both farmers and consumers in Sudan, fits well in the local cropping system . This plant looks like an umbrella. The spacing between plots and blocks was 75cm and 1m, respectively. (2007) Effect of soybean row width and population on weeds, crop yield, and economic return. (A Must-read 2023 Guide), Tractor Maintenance: Learn All Tips for Best Performance! MoARD (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development). (2006) A review of the effects of row spacing on weed management in corn and soybean. This result was in line with Malek et al. The land was tilled to a depth of 35cm, and the nursery bed was neatly prepared. Adaptation study of improved mung bean (Vigna radiata L) varieties at Alduba, south Omo Ethiopia. Different systems of planting arrangement within the row are practiced in both single and multiple row planting, depending on the characteristics and requirements of the crop, particularly its extent of canopy expansion. The combined main effect of inter- and intra-row spacing was highly significant ( P <0.01), while their interaction had no significant effect on plant height (Table 1 ). Ben Bareja, the owner-founder-webmaster of CropsReview.com. Precision agriculture has emerged as an approach to apply inputs at the right place and rate in the field, and as close as possible to the optimum crop growth stage. This particular study saw greater yields in 7.5-inch rows than 15-inch. Narrower row spacings reduce the emphasis on herbicides which in turn reduces selection pressure for herbicide-resistant biotypes. There were 12, 8, 6 and 5 rows in each plot with inter row spacing of 30, 45, 60 and 75 cm, respectively. Central Mindanao University, Musuan, Bukidnon, Phils. De Bruin JL, Pedersen P. Effect of row spacing and seeding rate on soybean yield in the Upper Midwest. Fruit length (cm): the fruit length of 10 randomly selected marketable fruits from each plot at each harvest was measured using a caliper meter, and their average is expressed as fruit length. It is a good source of vitamins and minerals as it supplies Vitamin A, B, C, and D, minerals, Ca, P, and Fe [2]. [24] who reported that the number of pods per plant of lentil was significantly influenced by plant density. Since we want equal distance between all plants in the stand, our row spacing will be the same as the spacing between adjacent plants in the row. A space between plots is provided to allow passage. in SouthTigray, Ethiopia, Journal of Natural Sciences Research, vol. Chromosome engineering and crop improvement: grain legumes genetic resources. Its almost that time of year again: January is the month for seed catalogs galore. 26142619, 2017. 397402, 1999. Animal and Plant Health Regulatory Directorate, Issue No. For the Singapore Spanish pineapple, the spacing may be (90 + 60) cm x 30 cm which will result in a density of 4.4 plants per sq meter. In: Proceedings of the 1st Iranian Pulse Symposium, November 2021, 2005, IEEE Xplore; 2005. p. 208209. T. Balemi, Response of tomato cultivars differing in growth habit to nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers and spacing on vertisol in Ethiopia, Acta Agriculturae Slovenica, vol. It has an average annual rainfall of 1007mm, with short rain between March and April and long rain between June and September and annual mean minimum and maximum temperatures of 16.5 and 31C, respectively [11]. The highest harvest index (62%) was obtained at interaction of (5010) cm followed by (5015) cm spacing, while the lowest (28% and 33%) harvest index was obtained at interaction of (205) and (305)cm, respectively (Table8). The net benefit was calculated as the difference between the gross field benefit (Ethiopian Birrha1) and the total costs (Ethiopian Birrha1) that varied. Reducing herbicide usage not only saves money but also reduces selection pressure for herbicide-resistant biotypes. *Amazon and the Amazon logo are trademarks of Amazon.com, Inc., or its affiliates. Gebre Wedajo. The author has an hindex of 1, co-authored 1 publication(s) receiving 40 citation(s).
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